DETERMINATIONS OF INFLUENCE OF GEOLOGY AND ANTHROPOGENIC ACTIVITIES ON WATER QUALITY IN FUFORE AREA, NORTHEASTERN NIGERIA (original) (raw)

Abstract

The paper discusses the determinations of influence of geology and anthropogenic activities on water quality in Fufore area, northeastern Nigeria. 20 water samples were collected from groundwater and surface water. The analytical results revealed average values as pH 7.1, EC 461.0 S/cm, Ca 2+ 9.71 mg/l, Mg 48.4 mg/l, Na + 22.7 mg/l, K + 7.1 mg/l, SO 4 2-21.1 mg/l, Cl-3.0 mg/l, HCO 3-221.4 mg/l, others include NO 3-21.1 mg/l, PO 4-0.1 mg/l, Fe 3+ 0.8 mg/l, Mn 2+ 0.2 mg/l, Cu 2+ 0.1 mg/l and total hardness (TH) 140.2mg/l. The mean values are below the WHO maximum permissible limit. The coliform number counts which range from 4 to too numerous to count (TNTC) exceeded the WHO recommended limit. The mean concentrations of the cations and anions were in the order of abundance as Ca 2+ >mg 2+ >Na + >Fe 3+ and HCO 3->NO 3->SO 4 2->Cl-. The statistical correlations using Pearson correlation between the chemical parameters range from 0.56 to 0.99 indicating moderate to strong positive correlation. The plots of log TDS against Na/(Na+Ca) ratio suggests precipitation induced chemical weathering along with dissolution of rock forming minerals which have contributed in the modification of the water chemistry. Chemical data on the trilinear diagram indicate Ca-(Mg)-HCO 3 and Ca-Mg-SO 4-Cl facies in the groundwater samples while the surface water indicated Ca-(Mg)-HCO 3 and Na-HCO 3. The water quality is unsuitable for human consumption without treatment due to bacteriological pollution. The groundwater quality is good for industrial applications based on total hardness (TH), iron and manganese concentrations while the surface water may not be suitable for some industrial applications due to high iron concentration. The water quality is good for agricultural activities as SAR, Ec, and TDS fall below the recommended standards. TDS values, ranging from 200 to 500mg/l is considered good for agricultural activities. INTRODUCTION The importance of hydrogeochemical investigation on the water resources of any region cannot be over emphasized. Geology and waste disposal practices have greatly modified the chemistry of surface and groundwater in many areas especially the developing countries of the world. Modification in water chemistry can lead to health problems or unpleasant taste, and may also affect agricultural and industrial activities (Ishaku and Ezeigbo, 2000).

Loading...

Loading Preview

Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.

References (41)

  1. Adams,S., Titus,R., Pietersen,K., Tredoux,G. and Harris,C. (2001). Hydrogeochemical characteristics of aquifers near Sutherland in the Western Karoo, South Africa. Journal of Hydrology 241, pp91-103.
  2. Adeyemi, G.O, Adesile, A.O. and Obayomi,O.B. (2003). Chemical characteristics of some well waters in Ikire, southwestern Nigeria. WATER RESOURCES-Journal of the Nigerian Association of Hydrogeologists (NAH), vol.14, pp 12-18.
  3. Akujieze,C.N. and Oteze,G.E. (2006). Groundwater quality of Benin City urban aquifer of Pleistocene Oligocene Benin Formation. African Scientist(2006). Vol. 7 No 2, pp 69- 85.
  4. Bassey. N. and Opeloye, S.A. (2000). Groundwater quality data in the Yola arm sedimentary basin of Adamawa State, N.E. Water Resources-Journal of the Nigerian Association of Hydrogeologists (NAH), Vol. 11, pp 26-30
  5. California Fertilizer committee. (1975). Western fertilizer Handbook. The interstate Printers publishers, Inc, Danville, Illinois.
  6. Carrol, D. (1962). Rain water as a chemical agent of geologic processes-A review. U.S. Geological Water Supply paper 1535-G, 18p.
  7. DAVIS, S.N. and R.I.M. DE WIEST. (1966). Hydrogeology. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 463p.
  8. Du Preeze, J.W. and Barber, W. (1965). The distribution and chemical quality of groundwater in northern Nigeria. Geological Survey of Nigeria. Bul. N0. 36, 93p.
  9. Elueze, A.A., J.O, and Nton, M.E. (2004). Hydrogeochemical investigation of surface water and groundwater around Ibokun, Ilesha area, southwestern Nigeria. Journal of Mining and geology, vol.40(1), pp57-64.
  10. Federal Environmental protection Agency (FEPA). (1991). Guidelines and Standards for environmental pollution in Nigeria.
  11. Freeze, R.A. and Cherry, J.A. (1979). Groundwater.prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jeersey. 604p.
  12. Furtak, H. and Langguth, H.R. (1967). Zur hydrochemichen kennzeichnung von Grunfwassem und Grundwassertypenmittels Kennzahlen. International Association of Hydrogeologists Memoir 7, pp 89-96.
  13. N.J., Mamman, Y.D., Obaje, N.G., Opeloye, S.A., and Chaanda, M.S. (2007). Planktonic-Agglutinated Foraminiferal associations in the Cretaceous Dukul Formation of the Nigerian Upper Benue trough. Global Journal of Geological Sciences vol.5, No 1&2, pp 55-59.
  14. Golden Software. (2000). Surface mapping system 91993-2000). Golden Software Inc. Colorado, USA.
  15. Hesterberg, D. (1998). Biogeochemical cycles and processes leading to changes in mobility of chemicals in soils. Agric. Ecosyst Environ. 67: 121-133.
  16. Ishaku, J.M. and Ezeigbo, H.I. (2000). Water quality of Yola area, northern Nigeria. WATER RESOURCES-Journal of the Nigerian Association of Hydrogeologists (NAH), vol.11, pp39-48.
  17. J.M. Ishaku, G.I. Obiefuna, and A. Al-Farisu Determinations of Influence of Geology and Anthropogenic Activities on Water Quality in Fufore Area, Northeastern Nigeria Ishaku, J.M. and Matazu, H.I. (2001). Evaluation of Water Resources of Numan area, northeastern Nigeria. Journal of Mining and Geology vol. 37(2), pp195-202.
  18. Ishaku, J.M., I.A. Kwada and H.M. Maina (2002). Water quality assessment for enhanced rural water supply in Adamawa State, northeast Nigeria. Bagale Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences vol. 2 (2), pp.34-41
  19. Karanth,K.R. (1987). Groundwater Assessment and Management, Tata Mc Graw-Hill, New Delhi, 720p.
  20. Kiser, R.T. (1968). Chemical quality of water in northern Nigeria. Geological Survey of Nigeria (GSN) open file report.
  21. Langmuir, D. (1997). Aqueous Environ-mental Geochemistry. Prentice-Hall, USA.
  22. Lawrence,A.R., Goody,D.C., Kanatharana,P., Meesilp,W. and Ramnarong,V. (2000). Groundwater evolution beneath Hat Yai, a rapidly developing city in Thailand. Hydrogeology Journal, 8: pp564-575.
  23. J. N. and Birkett J. W. (1999). Microbiology and Chemistry for Environmental Scientists and Engineers, 2 nd edn. E & FN Spon, New York.
  24. Lohnert,E.P. (1970). Grundwasserch hemismus und Kationentaush im norddeutschen Flachland Z dt geol. Ges., Sonderheft. Hydrgeol. Hydrogeochem., 139-159. Hannover.
  25. Lohnert,E.P. (1973). Austauschwaesser. In: Schzcider (Hrsq) Die Grundwassererschliessung. nd Edition, 138-144 Vulkan Verlag. Essen.
  26. Mandel, S. and Shiftan, Z.L. (1981). Groundwater Res. Investigation and Development. Academic press, Inc.
  27. Ntekim, E.E. and Wandate, S.D. (2001). Groundwater chemistry of the basement rock units of Adamawa area, N.E. Nigeria: A reflection of the aquifer rock types. Water resources-Journal of the Nigerian Association of Hydrogeologists (NAH), Vol. 12, pp67-73.
  28. Nton, M.E., Adejumo, S.A. and Elueze, A.A. (2007). Hydrogeochemical assessment of surface water and groundwater quality in Agbowo-Orogun area of Ibadan, southwestern Nigeria. Global Journal of Geological Sciences vol.5 Nos 1&2, pp13-23.
  29. Offodile, M.E. (1992). An approach to groundwater study and Development in Nigeria. Jos Meccon Services Ltd.
  30. Ogunbajo, M.I. (2003). Hydrogeochemical evaluation of water resources in Mokwa local government area of Niger State in relation to its geology and anthropogenic influence. WATER RESOURCES-Journal of the Nigerian Association of Hydrogeologists (NAH) vol. 14, pp 53-59.
  31. Okafor, D.W. (1994). The physico-chemical qualities of water of River Bakoji catchment area of Niger State, Nigeria. Water Res., vol.4 (182), pp 22-27.
  32. Olatunji, , A.S., Tijani, M.N., Abimbola, A.F. and Oteri, A.U. (2001). Hydrogeochemical Evaluation of the water resources of Oke-Agbe Akoko, Southwestern, Nigeria. Water resources-Journal of the Nigerian Association of Hydrogeologists (NAH), Vol. 12, pp 81-87.
  33. A.M. (1944). A graphical procedure in geological interpretation of water analysis. Trans. American Geophysics Union 25, pp 914-923.
  34. Rajkumar,N., Subramani,T. and Elongo,L. (2010). Groundwater Contamination Due to Municipal Solid Waste Disposal-A GIS Based Study in Erode City. International Journal of Environmental Sciences, Vol.1, No.1, pp 39-55
  35. Sawyer, C.N. and McCarthy, P.L. (1967). Chemistry for Sanitary engineers, 2 nd ed. McGraw- Hill, Newyork 518 p.
  36. Todd, D.K. (1980). Groundwater hydrology, 2 nd ed. Newyork. John Wiley & Sons, 503p.
  37. UNESCO/FAO, (1975). Irrigation, Drainage and Salinity. An international source Book Paris/ UNESCO huchinson and Cl. Ltd.
  38. WHO (World Health Organization) (1998). Guidelines for drinking water quality, Health criteria and other information. 2 nd ed. Geneva.
  39. WHO (World Health organization) (1993). Guidelines for drinking water quality. Vol.2, recommendations. Geneva. Swirtzerland.
  40. Yenika, M.E., Uma, K.O., and Obiefuna, G.I. (2003). A case study of shallow aquifer in Jimeta-Yola metropolis, northeastern Nigeria. WATER RESOURCES-Journal of the Nigerian Association of Hydrogeologists (NAH), vol.14, pp 84-91.
  41. J.M. Ishaku, G.I. Obiefuna, and A. Al-Farisu Determinations of Influence of Geology and Anthropogenic Activities on Water Quality in Fufore Area, Northeastern Nigeria