“Medieval Byzantine Furniture,” in Discipuli dona ferentes. Glimpses of Byzantium in Honour of Marlia Mundell Mango, ed. T. Papacostas and M. Parani, ΒΥΖΑΝΤΙΟς – Studies in Byzantine History and Civilization 11 (Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2017), 181-221. (original) (raw)

Abstract

Through an examination of the available archaeological, written and visual evidence, this paper tackles the question of the presence of wooden furniture in Byzantine households of all social strata and enquires into the factors – practical, environmental, economic, social, or cultural – affecting its usage. Admittedly, the fragmentary nature of the evidence does not allow for the drawing of general conclusions nor for making chronological and geographical distinctions in relevant practices within the empire during the Middle and Late Byzantine periods. It does, however, allow us to trace certain general trends, which further our understanding of the workings of medieval Byzantine households. Apparently, the use of furniture was often associated with the higher layers of Byzantine society, was regarded as a symbol of social status and wealth and was employed as a means of expressing hierarchical social relations between individuals. However, references to the use of collapsible furniture among the affluent suggest that one would have encountered a degree of diversification in practices even among the upper social strata. More difficult to document is the use of wooden furniture among the middle and lower social strata. Whether or not the members of the middle and lower classes did avail themselves of wooden furniture appears to have been determined by the types of domestic spaces they inhabited and the uses to which these spaces were put. Consequently, it is argued that, beyond practical considerations like the availability of wood, the use of furniture in medieval Byzantium was indeed influenced by the social and financial status of the owner, but only to the degree that this status affected the adoption of a specific lifestyle and, more importantly, informed the architectural form and function of domestic space.

Figures (6)

sidered valuable by their owners, be they documents, books, jewellery, cosmetics, medications or coins.” The evidence from the actual excavation of Middle and Late Byzantine sites is lamentably scarce, though whether this paucity is a result of ac- cidents of survival and soil conditions that do not favour the preserva- tion of wood or of an absence of furniture, either because it had been removed before abandonment or was not present in the first place, is a question that must remain ope at do come up in archaeological contexts are metal fittings and devices that may have originally been attached to furniture, as we merous iron nails that may have come from furniture but the original function of which is not always

sidered valuable by their owners, be they documents, books, jewellery, cosmetics, medications or coins.” The evidence from the actual excavation of Middle and Late Byzantine sites is lamentably scarce, though whether this paucity is a result of ac- cidents of survival and soil conditions that do not favour the preserva- tion of wood or of an absence of furniture, either because it had been removed before abandonment or was not present in the first place, is a question that must remain ope at do come up in archaeological contexts are metal fittings and devices that may have originally been attached to furniture, as we merous iron nails that may have come from furniture but the original function of which is not always

pain of mothers at the loss of their offspring after their homes have been sacked by an enemy, the miniaturist illustrates a small group of refugees abandoning a burning city. However, he departs from the text, first by depicting two women carrying their living children on their shoulders, and secondly, by introducing behind them three men carrying an equal number of beds (or two beds and a tab bersome wooden furniture — which no his shoulder, when trying to run from a visual ‘metonym’ for the home, but a a cornerstone of familial life, love and beds). Could the furniture have served e).*° I would posit that the cum- real refugee would ever carry on the enemy — is depicted here as so, given the specific context, as child-bearing (in the case of the such a potent symbolic function if it had not been a feature of family li fe in reality? The aristocratic au- dience of this luxurious manuscript notwithstanding, the miniaturist’s choice to represent wooden furniture in this context remains both in- triguing and suggestive. Fig. 4. Vatican City, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, MS gr. 747, fol. 63v, upper register (eleventh century). Joseph and his brothers dining separately. (Photo © 2016 Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana)

pain of mothers at the loss of their offspring after their homes have been sacked by an enemy, the miniaturist illustrates a small group of refugees abandoning a burning city. However, he departs from the text, first by depicting two women carrying their living children on their shoulders, and secondly, by introducing behind them three men carrying an equal number of beds (or two beds and a tab bersome wooden furniture — which no his shoulder, when trying to run from a visual ‘metonym’ for the home, but a a cornerstone of familial life, love and beds). Could the furniture have served e).*° I would posit that the cum- real refugee would ever carry on the enemy — is depicted here as so, given the specific context, as child-bearing (in the case of the such a potent symbolic function if it had not been a feature of family li fe in reality? The aristocratic au- dience of this luxurious manuscript notwithstanding, the miniaturist’s choice to represent wooden furniture in this context remains both in- triguing and suggestive. Fig. 4. Vatican City, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, MS gr. 747, fol. 63v, upper register (eleventh century). Joseph and his brothers dining separately. (Photo © 2016 Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana)

Key takeaways

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AI

  1. Furniture in Byzantine households symbolized social status and wealth, particularly among the affluent.
  2. The evidence suggests wooden furniture usage varied significantly across social strata, influenced by domestic space.
  3. Chests were the most common type of furniture, frequently used for storage in Byzantine households.
  4. Artistic representations reveal perceptions of furniture as indicators of power and social hierarchy.
  5. The study aims to explore practical, economic, and cultural factors influencing furniture use in Byzantine homes.

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References (129)

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