THE EFFECT OF PSIDIUM GUAJAVA AND PIPER BETLE EXTRACTS ON THE MORPHOLOGY OF DENTAL PLAQUE BACTERIA (original) (raw)
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Objective: It has been reported that the aqueous extracts of Psidium guajava and Piper betle leaves showed anti-plaque activities during the early stages of dental plaque formation. The aim of the study was to elucidate if such anti-plaque activities involve any ultra-structural changes to the morphology of three early dental plaque bacteria, Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus mitis and Actinomyces sp. Methodology: Pure cultures of the bacteria were suspended in BHI medium and treated with the test herbal extracts at the sub-lethal concentrations. The growth mixtures were incubated at 37°C. At the logarithmic growth phase (t 1), aliquots of 1 ml of the growth mixtures were fixed and used in the preparation of specimens for SEM studies. Ultra-structural alterations to the morphology of the treated cells noted were compared to those of the cells cultured under untreated conditions. Results: Following exposure of the bacteria to the two test herbal extracts, profound ultra-structural changes to their morphology were observed. The observed structural or morphological alterations could attribute to the bacteria being less active in performing normal physiological metabolic functions and thus rendering them less efficient to multiply. The changes noted included (i) reduced sizes of the bacteria, and (ii) majority cells at the non-dividing state as compared to those cultured under controlled conditions. Conclusions: This study has shown anti-plaque effects of aqueous extract of both P. betle and P. guajava.
Piper betle L. and Psidium guajava L. in oral health maintenance
The objective of the study was to seek for new agents from plant extracts for use in dental plaque control. The emphasis was directed at the initial stage of dental plaque formation, specifically the adherence of bacteria referred to as the early plaque colonisers, to the acquired pellicle on the supragingival tooth surface. Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus mitis and Actinomyces sp., the predominant bacteria involved at this initial stage of plaque development were used as test organisms. The aqueous extracts of Piper betle and Psidium guajava exhibited antimicrobial activities with MIC values in the range of 2.61 to 4.69 mg/mL and toxicity values (LC(50) and EC(50)) well above their toxic concentrations. P. betle and P. guajava extracts contained 9.25 and 11.5 ppm fluoride, respectively. Some aggregating activity was also displayed by the extract of the latter. Both extracts showed positive antiadherence activity and reduced the cell-surface hydrophobicity of the bacteria which might have rendered them less adherent and hence, minimising their adhesion to the tooth surface during the early stage of plaque development. Both extracts also suppressed the growth of these bacteria. Such an activity was reaffirmed and supported by SEM micrographs whereby the bacterial cells were unable to divide or grow successfully and hence suggesting bacteriostatic effect of the extracts. Extracts of P. betle and P. guajava may work by first preventing and reducing the adhesion of primary bacterial colonisers to the tooth surface and second, to prevent or inhibit the growth and proliferation of microorganisms adhering on to the tooth surface and may potentiate their antiplaque activities.
Journal of medicinal plant research
The objective of the study was to seek for new agents from plant extracts for use in dental plaque control. The emphasis was directed at the initial stage of dental plaque formation, specifically the adherence of bacteria referred to as the early plaque colonisers, to the acquired pellicle on the supragingival tooth surface. Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus mitis and Actinomyces sp., the predominant bacteria involved at this initial stage of plaque development were used as test organisms. The aqueous extracts of Piper betle and Psidium guajava exhibited antimicrobial activities with MIC values in the range of 2.61 to 4.69 mg/mL and toxicity values (LC 50 and EC 50) well above their toxic concentrations. P. betle and P. guajava extracts contained 9.25 and 11.5 ppm fluoride, respectively. Some aggregating activity was also displayed by the extract of the latter. Both extracts showed positive antiadherence activity and reduced the cell-surface hydrophobicity of the bacteria which might have rendered them less adherent and hence, minimising their adhesion to the tooth surface during the early stage of plaque development. Both extracts also suppressed the growth of these bacteria. Such an activity was reaffirmed and supported by SEM micrographs whereby the bacterial cells were unable to divide or grow successfully and hence suggesting bacteriostatic effect of the extracts. Extracts of P. betle and P. guajava may work by first preventing and reducing the adhesion of primary bacterial colonisers to the tooth surface and second, to prevent or inhibit the growth and proliferation of microorganisms adhering on to the tooth surface and may potentiate their antiplaque activities.
Journal of Oral Science, 2006
The adhesion of early settlers of dental plaque to the tooth surface has a role in the initiation of the development of dental plaque. The hydrophobic surface properties of the bacteria cell wall are indirectly responsible for the adhesion of the bacteria cell to the acquired pellicle on the tooth surfaces. In this study, the effect of aqueous extract of two plants (Psidium guajava and Piper betle) on the cell-surface hydro-phobicity of early settlers of dental plaque was determined in vitro. Hexadecane, a hydrocarbon was used to represent the hydrophobic surface of the teeth in the oral cavity. It was found that treatment of the early plaque settlers with 1 mg/ml extract of Psidium guajava reduced the cell-surface hydrophobicity of Strep. sanguinis, Strep. mitis and Actinomyces sp. by 54.1%, 49.9% and 40.6%, respectively. Treatment of these bacteria with the same concentration of Piper betle however, showed a comparatively lesser effect (< 10%). It was also observed that the anti-adhesive effect of the two extracts on the binding of the early plaque settlers to hexadecane is concentration dependent.
International Research Journal Of Pharmacy, 2018
Background: For thousands of years plants have been used to enhance health and solve medical issues but still there is abundant medicinal flora which is unrevealed through research. The present study was conducted to elucidate the in vitro antimicrobial potential of Guava leaves, Jamun tree bark, Heeng powder and Betel leaves extracts with a view of searching a novel extract as a remedy for dental caries pathogens. Material and Methods: Bacteria were isolated and identified from oral swabs taken from dental caries of four patients. Extracts prepared from Guava leaves, Jamun tree bark, Heeng powder and Betel leaves were screened for in vitro antimicrobial activity against these dental isolates, using agar well diffusion method. Result: Six bacteria identified by MALDI-TOF belonged mainly to the genus Bacillus and one to Brevundimonas. Guava, Jamun tree bark and Betel leaves extract effectively inhibited the growth of all dental caries isolates, but three of them showed resistance to Heeng powder extract. Conclusion: Our results suggest that these plants synthesize natural phytochemicals which have inhibitory effect on isolated oral bacteria. Furthermore, purification and molecular characterization of the active component would enable us to formulate a sustainable oral hygiene product.
2003
The aqueous extracts of Piper betle and Psidium guajava were prepared and tested for their antiadherence effect on the adhesion of early plaque settlers (Strep. mitis, Strep. sanguinis and Actinomyces sp.). The saliva-coated glass surfaces were used to simulate the pellicle-coated enamel surface in the oral cavity. Our results showed that the anti-adherence activities of Piper betle and Psidium guajava extracts towards the bacteria were different between the bacterial species. Psidium guajava was shown to have a slightly greater anti-adherence effect on Strep. sanguinis by 5.5% and Actinomyces sp. by 10% and a significantly higher effect on Strep. mitis (70%) compared to Piper betle. The three bacterial species are known to be highly hydrophobic, and that hydrophobic bonding seemed to be an important factor in their adherence activities. It is therefore suggested that the plant extracts, in expressing their anti-adherence activities, could have altered the hydrophobic nature of the bonding between the bacteria and the saliva-coated glass surfaces.
Pesquisa Brasileira em Odontopediatria e Clínica Integrada
Objective: To assess the antibacterial activity of Psidium guajava fractions and their effects on adhesion of a multispecies biofilm consisting of Streptococcus gordonii, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Porphyromonas gingivalis in vitro. Material and Methods: Guava leaves were obtained from the mountains of northern Peru, where they grow wild and free of pesticides. The antimicrobial activity of 25 mg/mL petroleum ether, 25 mg/mL dichloromethane and 25 mg/mL methanol fractions of P. guajava was evaluated by measuring inhibition halos, as well as the effect on the adhesion of multispecies biofilms at 4, 7 and 10 days of growth by measuring the optical density. In addition, antimicrobial susceptibility was compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test and its multiple comparison tests, and differences in mean biofilm adhesion between each fraction were assessed by repeated measures analysis and the Tukey multiple comparison test. Results: The rank-based Kruskal-Wallis test highlighted differences in the effects of the fractions on the zone of inhibition for each oral bacterium, including S. gordonii (p=0.000), F. nucleatum (p=0.000), and P. gingivalis (p=0.000), the Tukey test showed that the group treated with 0.12% chlorhexidine exhibited the least amount of adhesion, followed by the group treated with the 1.56 mg/mL methanol fraction. Conclusion: The methanol fraction of P. guajava had an antibacterial effect on S. gordonii and P. gingivalis, and the 1.56 mg/mL methanol fraction decreased biofilm adhesion.
Journal of oral science, 2003
The aqueous extracts of Piper betle and Psidium guajava were prepared and tested for their anti-adherence effect on the adhesion of early plaque settlers (Strep. mitis, Strep. sanguinis and Actinomyces sp.). The saliva-coated glass surfaces were used to simulate the pellicle-coated enamel surface in the oral cavity. Our results showed that the anti-adherence activities of Piper betle and Psidium guajava extracts towards the bacteria were different between the bacterial species. Psidium guajava was shown to have a slightly greater anti-adherence effect on Strep. sanguinis by 5.5% and Actinomyces sp. by 10% and a significantly higher effect on Strep. mitis (70%) compared to Piper betle. The three bacterial species are known to be highly hydrophobic, and that hydrophobic bonding seemed to be an important factor in their adherence activities. It is therefore suggested that the plant extracts, in expressing their anti-adherence activities, could have altered the hydrophobic nature of the...
The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice
Aim: Phytomedicine has been commonly practiced as a form of traditional medicine in various cultures for the treatment of oral diseases. Recently, it has gained importance as an alternative to conventional treatment. Several extracts of plants and fruits have been recently evaluated for their potential activity against microorganisms involved in the development of dental caries. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity and antiadherent effect of the crude organic extract (COE) and three partitions (aqueous, butanolic, and chloroformic) of Psidium guajava (guava) leaves on a cariogenic biofilm model. Materials and methods: Guava leaves were obtained from the mountains of northern Peru, where they grow wild and free of pesticides. The antimicrobial activity of the COEs and partitions against Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus gordonii was determined by measuring the inhibition halos, while the effect on biofilm adhesion was determined by measuring the optical density using spectrophotometry. Results: An antibacterial effect of the COE and chloroformic partition against S. gordonii (p < 0.05) was found, as was a significant effect on biofilm adherence, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.78 mg/mL, which was maintained throughout the 7 days of evaluation. Conclusion: We conclude that the COEs and their chloroformic partition have antimicrobial and antibiotic effects against this strain of S. gordonii, making them of particular interest for evaluation as a promising alternative for the prevention of dental caries. Clinical significance: By knowing the antimicrobial effect of Psidium guajava, this substance can be effectively used in products aimed to prevent dental caries and periodontal disease.