Diplomacy and the Making of World Politics.docx (original) (raw)
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International Negotiation, 2021
This article draws on interviews with 198 state ambassadors and applies an interpretiv-ist lens to provide a more nuanced conceptualization of diplomacy. In doing so, we seek to project a closer fit between scholarly definitions of the term and how diplomacy is understood by practitioners. We contribute to the literature by proposing a more refined understanding of the term, presented here as five distinct (though not mutually exclusive) 'meanings' of diplomacy: (1) The actors taking part in modern diplomacy; (2) the objectives of diplomacy; (3) the mechanisms of diplomacy; (4) diplomacy as a skill; and (5) diplomacy as a profession. We find that drawing on the full range of the diplomatic experience is particularly important given the growing challenges to negotiation as the primary agency of diplomacy.
Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. Contents Acknowledgments vii Preface ix 3 Institutionalization and Ritualization Institutionalization Ritualization Shared symbols and references: diplomatic protocol Reciprocity, precedence and diplomatic immunity Diplomatic ranks Concluding remarks 4 Communication Language Gathering information Transmitting information: diplomatic signaling Negotiation Verbal and nonverbal communication Private and public communication Technological development Concluding remarks v vi Contents 5 Diplomatic Representation Behavior: acting for others Status: standing for others Concluding remarks The Reproduction of International Society Reproduction of premodern international societies 121 Reproduction of the modern society of states Concluding remarks 7 Diplomacy and Changing Polities Philip, Alexander and the Greek community Religious vs. secular polities in the Early Middle Ages 143 The European Union Concluding remarks Conclusions Notes Index Preface It seems very difficult to theorize about diplomacy. Those of a historical bent will suggest that there is nothing new to say in these terms, while practitioners may doubt the utility of theorizing in general. As a result, and as Jönnson and Hall note, the study of diplomacy has been marginalized within International Relations (IR). Given diplomacy's importance to what goes on, in the world, and an understanding of it, this marginalization has been a surprising, bordering on scandalous, state of affairs. Scholars of International Relations, therefore, owe a great debt to Christer Jönsson and Martin Hall. In providing us with Essence of Diplomacy, they have produced a path-breaking work which employs the best of the sociological theory which is at long-last percolating into mainstream academic IR to demonstrate diplomacy's importance. So long as the human condition is governed by pluralist, rather than solidarist, conceptions of who we are and how we live, then relations between separate groups will remain. These relations must involve communication, representation and reproduction. The modalities of these three elements may change over time and by place. In themselves, however, they are the essential elements of diplomacy and point to the way in which diplomacy, itself, is an essential element in international relations. After this book, practitioners and historians will no longer be able to ignore the benefits, at least, of international theorizing, and IR scholars will no longer be able to ignore diplomacy's centrality to nearly everything in which they are interested. Indeed, a rich research agenda of empirical studies is now needed to explore the full implications of Jönsson and Hall's argument.
Bertrand Bardie, Dirk-Berg Schlosser & Leonardo Morlino (eds.) International Encyclopaedia of Political Science (Sage), 2011
In its broadest sense, diplomacy refers to the conduct of human affairs by peaceful means, employing techniques of persuasion and negotiation. In the more specific sphere of international politics, through the utilisation of such techniques, it has come to be regarded as one of the key processes characterising the international system and a defining institution of the system of sovereign states -often referred to as the "Westphalian" system after the 1684 Peace of Westphalia. Its usage, however, embraces some important distinctions. First, at the state level, it has frequently been used (particularly in studies of diplomatic history) as a synonym for foreign policyas in "Russian", "German" and "Japanese" diplomacy (foreign policy). More commonly, however, it is used to refer to one means by which such policies are implemented.
Theorizing Diplomacy and Diplomats on Their Own Terms
International Studies Review, 2011
Diplomatic Theory of International Relations. By Paul Sharp. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. 339 pp., 90.00hardcover(ISBN−13:978−0−521−76026−3),90.00 hardcover (ISBN-13: 978-0-521-76026-3), 90.00hardcover(ISBN−13:978−0−521−76026−3),32.99 paperback (ISBN-13: 978-0-521-75755-3). Sharp's basic thesis in Diplomatic Theory of International Relations is that it is possible to identify a specifically diplomatic tradition of thinking, or theory, about international relations, one that contributes to international relations in particular and to human relations in general. Sharp grounds this unconventional notion of diplomatic theory, which is more tacit than explicit, in the leading ideas of diplomats and those who study them, arguing that it arises from “what diplomats themselves have had to say about international relations” (p. 7). In other words, diplomatic theory is “a coherent and distinctive set of propositions about international relations” (p. 7) that emerges organically from the diaries, histories, and memoirs of diplomats. In developing his thesis, Sharp challenges the supremacy of state-based realism. He also deals with the enduring problem that, even for students of international relations, diplomacy and diplomats remain something of a mystery, one that is compounded by the paradoxical inability of diplomats to “provide much insight into how and why diplomacy works” (p. 2). Sharp, however, chooses not to explicate and demystify diplomacy and diplomats by seeking easy solutions in universal claims. Rather, he chooses an unorthodox path, inviting us to consider the limits and complexities inherent in thinking and acting diplomatically. In Part One, Sharp&#;s theoretical framework draws directly on English School theory and method, with assessments of how diplomacy and diplomats …
DEFINITION OF DIPLOMACY AND TYPES OF DIPLOMACY USED BETWEEN STATES
Anadolu Akademi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2021
In this article, the definition of diplomacy, which is known as the whole of relations between states in today's international conjuncture, and the types of diplomacy used in terms of regulating relations in terms of both economy and culture were researched and brought together. In the article, diplomacy in the narrow sense and diplomacy in the broad sense are included in the form of two types. As the main objective of the article, "Types of Diplomacy Available in the International Conjuncture" has been specified in detail by researching different sources. In addition, in the research, the history of diplomacy was compiled under two separate headings as "Misunderstanding" and "New Era" diplomacy. Under the title of "minus period" diplomacy, Ancient Greek Diplomacy, Diplomacy in Ancient Rome, Diplomacy in Hittites and Ancient Egypt, and Ad Hoc Diplomacy were handled. Under the title of New Period diplomacy, it was discussed within the scope of "Preventive Diplomacy", which emerged after the French Revolution and within the Congress of Vienna, The Hague Peace Conferences. Under the title of "Diplomacy Types within the scope of New Diplomacy Resulting from Globalization", the types of diplomacy used today on many fields have been compiled by researching in detail. Track One Diplomacy, Track Two Diplomacy, Track ½ Diplomacy lanes of traditional diplomacy are discussed in the last title of the article and explored in detail.
A Conceptual History of Diplomacy
This chapter deals with the development of the concept of diplomacy. The focus is on how a specific understanding of diplomacy emerged and has developed over the last 250 years. Detailing first the etymological roots, the chapter deals primarily with how “diplomacy” emerged as a derogatory term during the revolutionary period, and how its meaning was immediately challenged by revolutionaries seeking to replace the “old” diplomacy with a “new” one. Calls for “new diplomacy” have been many in the ensuing centuries, but the way in which diplomacy itself has changed content is evident in that the calls are now for reform, rather than for revolution and/or abolishment.
Global Diplomacy: Diplomacy in the Modern World How Diplomacy is a Key Part of Our World Today
This paper discusses how diplomacy has evolved from ancient times to our modern world today. It suggests that diplomacy has existed since ancient times and since human beings have interacted together. Further, is expounds on how diplomacy has developed and changed with the development of the nation-state and respect for its sovereignty and beyond to today's modern form of diplomacy regarding international relations. Diplomacy as a function of human interaction has existed since the beginning of the humankind. Indeed, diplomacy has existed for millennia and since the time that two people or two polities first conducted negotiations. Diplomacy as we think of it today is the concept of the interaction of diplomats acting as interlocutors between international polities. But it can be a negotiation handled "diplomatically" between two people. But we usually think of diplomacy in the much broader sense. The Greeks as early as 432 BCE conducted the Congress of Sparta that was a diplomatic summit between the city-states of ancient Greece. Further, Thucydides (460-411 B.C.E.) in his History of the Peloponnesian War describes the realist theory of international relations and therefore the discipline of diplomacy. He describes two people engaged in repartee who argue two sides of an opposing issue. In China, as early as 350 BCE Sun Tzu in his Art of War describes what we might call international relations between the kingdom of Wu and Chin. Throughout human history diplomacy has been a key element in the preservation of peace and in the creation of positive relations between nations. Diplomacy has prevented wars and has been a key element of the preservation of peace. If it were not for diplomacy international organizations of today such as NATO and the United Nations would not exist. No doubt the world would most likely be in a constant state of war.