Surveying the Greek Chora. The Black Sea Region in a Comparative Perspective. Aarhus 2006 (original) (raw)

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References (879)

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  16. Notes Cherry 1994; 2003. mcDonald & rapp 1972. Cavanagh et al. 1996; 2002. mcDonald & rapp 1972, 264-321. Shipley 1996. Shipley 1996, 328-329; Catling 2002, 192-194.
  17. de Polignac 1984; see also alcock & osborne 1994; ashmore & knapp 1999. Spencer 1998. Cherry 1994, 91-95.
  18. Plog, Plog & Wait 1978; Cherry 1983; Wilkinson 2004. See, for example, Jameson et al. 1994, 248-257.
  19. See, for example, papers in Dimen & Friedl 1976; Sutton 2000. murray & kardulias 1986. alcock et al. 1994. Catling 2002, 131. Catling 2002, 131. Jameson et al. 1994, 256, 400-404. Jameson et al. 1994, 256, 400-404. Jameson et al. 1994, 256, 400-404. marangou-Lerat 1995; markoulaki et al. 1989. marangou-Lerat 1995; markoulaki et al. 1989. marangou-Lerat 1995; markoulaki et al. 1989. Clarke 1973. Clarke 1973. For a helpful overview of the concept, see Johnson 1999, 98-115. e.g. Bradley 1998; for a west mediterranean example, see van Dommelen 1998. alcock & osborne 1994; de Polignac 1995. alcock & osborne 1994; de Polignac 1995. Davis et al. 1997; Zangger et al. 1997. Davis et al. 1997; Zangger et al. 1997. Davis et al. 1997; Zangger et al. 1997. For more detailed discussion of all these data, see alcock 2002, 132-175; alcock For more detailed discussion of all these data, see alcock 2002, 132-175; alcock et al. in press. alcock & Cherry 2004b. the data for this table are derived from Jameson et al. 1994; mee & Forbes 1997; Cavanagh et al. 1996; 2002; keller 1985; Wells 1996; Davis et al. 1997; alcock et al. 2005; Wright 1990; Bintliff & Snodgrass 1985; mcDonald & rapp 1972. alcock 1993, 33-92; Shipley 2002, 309-310. alcock 2002, 36-98; Swain 1996. Butjagin & Solovyov 2001, 262. See Ščeglov 1983 for a detailed description of survey methodologies used in the territory of greek colonies. e.g., Ja.m. Paromov's survey of the taman' Peninsula and the long established plan of the chora of Chersonesos. e.g., abramov & Paromov 1993. Scholl & Zin'ko 1999. rempel in alcock et al. 2003. Barker & mattingly 1999-2000. Blanton 2001. Fentress 2000; terrenato 2004. We would like to extend our thanks to the organizers for their invitation to the conference "Chora, Catchment and Communication", held at the beautiful Sandbjerg estate, as well as to all the meeting's participants for their thoughts and their singing. John F. Cherry offered very helpful comments on the paper, but all mistakes remain our own. Bibliography abramov, a.P. & Ja.m. Paromov 1993. ranneantičnye poselenija taman- skogo poluostrova, in: Ja.m. Paromov (ed.), Bosporskij Sbornik, 2. moskva, 25-98. alcock, S.e. 1993. Graecia Capta: The Landscapes of Roman Greece. Cambridge. alcock, S.e., J.F. Cherry & J.L. Davis 1994. intensive survey, agricultural practice and the Classical landscape of greece, in: i. morris (ed.), Classical Greece: Ancient Histories and Modern Archaeologies. Cambridge, 137-190.
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  71. gorman, v. 2004. milesian Decrees of isopoliteia and the refoundation of the City, ca. 479 BCe, in: v. gorman & e. robinson (eds.), Oikistes. Studies in Constitutions, Colonies, and Military Power in the Ancient World Offered in Honor of A.J. Graham (mnemosyne Suppl., 234). Leiden, 181-194.
  72. gorman, v. 2004. Miletos, the ornament of Ionia: a history of the city to 400 B.C.E. ann arbor. ivantchik, a. 2005. Am Vorabend der Kolonisation. Das nördliche Schwarzmeerge- biet und die Steppennomaden des .-7. Jhs. v. Chr. in der klassischen Litera- turtradition: Mündliche Überlieferung, Literatur und Geschichte (Pontus Sep- tentrionalis, 3). Berlin-moskau.
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  74. ketin, i. 1961. Türkiye jeoloji haritasi, 1:500,000 (geological map of turkey, 1:500,000). Sinop.ankara. knapp, a.B. 2003. the archaeology of community on Bronze age Cyprus: Politiko Phorades in context, AJA 107, 559-580.
  75. Stein, g. 1999. Rethinking World-systems: Diasporas, Colonies, and Interaction in Uruk Mesopotamia. tucson, aZ.
  76. Stone, D., L. Stirling & n. Ben Lazreg 1998. Suburban Land-use and Ceramic Production around Leptiminus (tunisia): interim report, Journal of Roman Archaeology 11, 305-317.
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  78. Wilkinson, t. 2004. Archaeological Landscapes of the Near East. tucson. 1 avram 1990; 2001, 593-612.
  79. 3 alexandrescu 1978b = alexandrescu 1999, 49-65.
  80. the term occurs in inscriptions from the end of the 3rd century BC (I. Histriae 15) and from the 1st century BC (I. Histriae 54). one should add a fragmen- tary decree concerning an embassy (I. Histriae 42, 2nd century BC.; l. 3, to read [�ρε]σβευτ�[ν]), where i could identify [τή]ν χώρα[ν] (l. 10) (χ�ρία, Pippidi).
  81. morintz 1964, 1987, 1990; Buzoianu 2001, 66-103.
  82. Zimmermann & avram 1987, 11.
  83. Domăneanţu 1993, 59.
  84. 1955), 543-551; Materiale 4 (1957), 77-78; 5 (1959), 318-322; 7 (1960), 273-281; cf. Preda 1972, 77-88.
  85. a systematic publication of the material of tariverde is missing. See, for some archaic ceramic objects, alexandrescu 1976, 122-123, cat. nos. 59-62; alexandrescu 1978 a, cat. nos. 257, 272, 292, 349, 410, 437, 626, 650, 713, 731, 734, 739; mănucu adameşteanu 1995-1996 (Black Figure crater, possibly local).
  86. Canarache 1953, 138-143; Canarache 1956, 292, 305-306; Stoian 1957, 198; Dimitriu 1970, 232; Dimitriu 1972, 119; avram, Bounegru & Chiriac 119-121.
  87. Pârvan 1923, 34; SCIV 4 (1953), 145-146; Stoian 1957, 197-198; Dimitriu 1970, 232; Dimitriu 1972, 119; irimia 1980, 67-68.
  88. Suceveanu & angelescu 1988, 146. 14 mănucu adameşteanu 1980, 1981, 1984, 1985.
  89. Babeş 1971, 21, 23 and note 11; irimia 1975, 102-103; irimia 1980, 69; alexandrescu 1976, 119-120, cat. no. 28 (olpe from the end of the 6th century BC).
  90. Poenaru Bordea & oberländer târnoveanu 1980; Preda 1991; 1998, 30-39. Poenaru Bordea & oberländer târnoveanu 1980; Preda 1991; 1998, 30-39. Suceveanu 1998. Suceveanu 1998. adameşteanu 1956, 146. avram 1981-1982; cf. Suceveanu 1998, 157-158.
  91. Pomponius mela 2.2.22 (in litoribus Histro est proxima Histropolis, deinde Milesiis deducta Kallatis) is, it is true, disturbing. this might be confused with istros, just mentioned above (hind 1998, 139, note 31; hind 1999 a, 81) or an indication for a milesian presence before the foundation of kallatis by herakleia Pontike (ash- eri 1972, 16-18; Saprykin 1997, 69-70; vinogradov 1997, 410; oppermann 2000, 140). For the foundation of kallatis at the end of the 6th century BC: Pippidi 1971, 38-39 and 63-64. For a foundation at the very beginning or in the first half of the 4th century BC: ulanici 1974; hind 1984, 75; 1992-1993, 89; 1998, 139; 1999b, 30; graham 1994, 6; ivantchik 1998, 322, note 77. I. Kallatis, 9-11, with a detailed discussion.
  92. See, for the territory of kallatis, avram 1991b; I. Kallatis, introduction, 11-22;
  93. avram 2001, 614-632 (in all these studies i discussed in detail the epigraphic and numismatic evidence, so i do not insist further here); oppermann 2000. rădulescu, Cheluţă-georgescu & Bărbulescu 1979; Cheluţă-georgescu & Bărbulescu 1985; rădulescu, Bărbulescu, Buzoianu & Cheluţă-georgescu 1993; rădulescu, Bărbulescu & Buzoianu 2000; rădulescu, Buzoianu, Bărbulescu & georgescu 2000-2001. rădulescu, Bărbulescu & Buzoianu 1986; 1987; 1990; Bărbulescu, Buzoianu & Cheluţă-georgescu 1986; 1987; 1990; rădulescu, Bărbulescu, Buzoianu & Cheluţă-georgescu 1988-1989. rădulescu, Buzoianu, Bărbulescu & Cheluţă-georgescu 1995-1996; rădulescu, Buzoianu, Bărbulescu & georgescu 2000-2001, 202-203 and fig. 6. Cf. rădulescu, Bărbulescu & Buzoianu 2000, 177. irimia 1989. Slobozianu 1959, 735-738 and 744-745; irimia 1980, 104-105, no. 17. Slobozianu & Ţicu 1966, 671 and fig. 1. vulpe 1943, 14; Slobozianu & Ţicu 1966, 679; irimia 1980, 96-97, no. 9. See also the hoard of roman republican coins discovered near this settlement: mitrea 1970. Boroneanţ 1977, 324, no. 24; irimia 1980, 70, note 29; irimia 1983, 94-96, no. 3. Boroneanţ 1977, 324, no. 24; irimia 1980, 70, note 29; irimia 1983, 94-96, no. 3. Boroneanţ 1977, 324, no. 25. Boroneanţ 1977, 324, no. 25. Boroneanţ 1977, 324, nos. 27-28.
  94. Lazarov 1998, 93; oppermann 2000, 140. to be added is an unpublished hoard of kallatian bronze coins discovered near Šabla. irimia 1973, 50-52; ionescu & georgescu 1997, 169. irimia 1973, 48-50. irimia 1980, 89, no. 7. irimia 1973, 52-53; ionescu & georgescu 167-168. to add some amphora stamps discovered by chance: gramatopol & Poenaru Bordea 1969, cat. no. 1179; avram 1988, cat. nos. 32, 33, 69, 73, 114, 119. irimia 1973, 53-56. amphora stamps: gramatopol & Poenaru Bordea 1969, cat. nos. 1171-1172.
  95. irimia 1973, 56-60. amphora stamps: gramatopol & Poenaru Bordea 1969, cat. nos. 1175-1176. irimia 1980, 102, no. 13. Burow 1993 and 1999.
  96. tafrali 1925, 242, fig. 2; Pârvan 2 1974, fig. 81; Preda 1962; irimia 1983, 118-123; irimia 1984, 67-72.
  97. 78 ionescu & georgescu 1997, 164. 79 this is suggested by the inscriptions I. Kallatis 51-55; cf. avram 1991a and, for parallels at Chersonesos, Ščeglov 1978, 86-101; Solomonik & nikolaenko 1990; Saprykin 1997, 41-43; Ščeglov 1998.
  98. Plin. NH. 4.44: oppida. one of these sites, Parthenopolis (area of Schitu and Costineşti), is also mentioned by eutropius 6.10 as taken (cepit) by m. terentius Lucullus varro in 72/1 BC during the second mithridatic War. this might sug- gest that it was a fortified settlement.
  99. a pyrgos occurs in I. Kallatis 55.
  100. See the testimonies (Ps.-Scymn., 756-757 etc.) collected and commented in I. Kal- latis, introduction, 19-21; cf. avram 2001, 628-631.
  101. the basileis on Scythian bronze coins: youroukova 1977; tacheva 1995; Preda 1998, 120-129.
  102. 85 arist., Pol. 1327b.12-16; cf. avram 1984, 19-28; Papazoglou 1997, 95-96; Bittner 1998, 10-11.
  103. 86 tsetskhladze 1998b. For the possible similarity between this type of vaulted construction and the cult building (antron) of the Bacchic thiasos of kallatis, see I. Kallatis 35 (commentary, pp. 297-301); Jaccottet 2003, i, 151-155.
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  615. Saprykin 2003, 18. on the creation of the Pantikapaion chora (not a territorial state!), see now Zavojkin 2000, 34-36; 2001, 22-28. vinogradov & tochtas'ev 1994, 61; tolstikov 2001b, 402-404.
  616. Paromov 1990, 122-124; 1998, 216-222; abramov & Paromov 1993, 25; kuznecov 1999, 342 ff. vasil'ev 1992, 122-125; Saprykin 2003, 16-17. maslennikov 1998, 42; Saprykin 2001, 645. on the chora of theodosia, see gavrilov 1998, 105-110; 1999, 4-6; katjušin 2003, 662-665: it is worth mentioning that the earliest archaeological material from such sites of the theodosian chora as Žuravki, novopokrovka, Subaši dates to as early as the middle of the 5th century BC. See also Petrova 2000, 59-62. in the light of this evidence it seems strange to hear from a.a. maslennikov about the absence of sites near theodosia in the late 6th-early 5th century BC (maslennikov 2001, 85). See also Smekalova & Smekalov in this volume. kruglikova 1975, 93; Zin'ko 1996, 12-14; 1998, 87-89.
  617. maslennikov 1978, 33; Zin'ko 1998, 88; 2001a, 210: relations between nymphaion and the Scythians became very solid within the second and third quarters of the 5th century BC, they were even more stable than those with Pantikapaion (tolstikov 2001a, 45-57). abramov & Paromov 1993, 71; alekseeva 1991, 18-19. on the history of Bosporos in that period, see gajdukevič 1971, 30-65.
  618. kruglikova 1975, 93 ff.; Zin'ko 1996, 15, 16; 1998, 89-94; Zin'ko & Solov'ev 1994, 159-162. maslennikov 1995, 82 ff.; 1996, 61-71; 1998, 76 ff.; 2001, 86-90. alekseeva 1997, 38 ff. maslennikov has repeatedly stated the opinion, put forward earlier by v.D. Blavatskij and i.t. kruglikova, that lands which were far from Pantikapaion's nearer chora should be viewed as private possessions of the ruling dynasty of the Spartokids (1998, 66 ff.). But recently, he has considered large fortified sites on these lands, which have some similarities to greek farmhouses, as a type of collective settlements, usual for the greek city-states with the vast agricultural periphery as indicative of royal lands, which to my mind is closer to the truth (maslennikov 2001, 90). in his view, this development seems to prove it possibile to consider these lands as "subjected" to the city-state, at some point denying the characteristic of them as royal. on polis lands in Bosporos, see Saprykin 2001, 654 ff.; 2003, 26-30. maslennikov 1998, 50-59; 2001, 89.
  619. Petrova 1996, 148-150; 2000, 82-85; gavrilov 1998, 110-117; 1999, 6-9; maslennikov 2001, 91; katjušin 2003, 662-665.
  620. Paromov 1990, 56-69; 1994, 3-5; kuznecov 1999, 344 ff. alekseeva 1980, 13-51; 1997, 41-43; novičichin 1994, 172-173. Puzdrovskij 2001, 86-90.
  621. kruglikova 1975, 99, 100; 1998, 144-146; maslennikov 1989, 72-74; 1998, 89-102. gajdukevič 1981, 55-75; Zin'ko 1999, 133-141; maslennikov 1998, 88-89; 2001, 92. koltuchov 1991, 91-104; Puzdrovskij 2001, 87.
  622. See A.V. Gacrilov's contribution in this volume. Eds. gavrilov 1999, 8-9; Petrova 1996, 151; 2000, 85; maslennikov 2001, 92; katjušin 2003, 673.
  623. Paromov 1994, 6-9; kuznecov 1999, 344-347; alekseeva 1980, 27-41. 32 on the organization of the chora in the kingdom of Bosporos in mithridatic and post-mithridatic period, see now in detail: Saprykin & maslennikov 1995, 279-281; Saprykin 1994, 43-57; 1996, 283 ff.; 2002, 207-224. See also maslennikov 1998, 112-181.
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  676. Scholl, t. & v.n. Zin'ko 1999. Archaeological Map of Nymphaion (Crimea). War- saw. Šamraj a.n. 2002. Podvodno-archeologičeskie ob'ekty v territorial'noj struk- ture nimfeja, in: v.n. Zin'ko (ed.), Bospor Kimmerijskij i varvarskij mir v period antičnosti i srednevekov'ja. (materialy iv Bosporskich čtenij, kerč', 20-24 maja 2003 g). kerč', 266-275.
  677. Šelov-kovedjaev, F.v. 1985. istorija Bospora v vi-iv vv. do n.e., in: a.P. novosel'cev (ed.), Drevnejšie gosudarstva na territorii SSSR, 14 g. moskva, 5-187.
  678. Skudnova, v.m. 1954. Skifskie pamjatniki iz nimfeja, SovA 21, 306-318.
  679. vachtina, m.Ju. & Ju.a. vinogradov 2001. ešče raz o rannej fortifikacii Bospora kimmerijskogo, in: v.Ju. Zuev et al. (eds.), Bosporskij fenomen: Kolonizacija regiona, formirovanie polisov, obrazovanie gosudarstva. Part 1. St Peterburg, 41-45. važov, a.n. 1983. Klimat Kryma. Simferopol'.
  680. Zin'ko, v.n. 1994. Žiliščno-chozjastvennye kompleksy iv-viii vv. na poseleni- jach geroevka-2 i geroevka-6, in: Vizantija i narody Pričernomor'ja v rannee srednevekov'e (IV-IX vv.). Tesisy dokladov. Simferopol', 19-20.
  681. Zin'ko, v.n. 1996. nekotorye itogi izučenija sel'skoj okrugi antičnogo nimfeja, MAIET 5, 12-20.
  682. Zin'ko, v.n. 1997. geroevka-2. a rural settlement in the chora of nymphaion (ancient period), ArcheologiaWarsz 47, 85-94.
  683. Zin'ko, v.n. 1998a. Chora nimfeja v vi-iv vv. do n.e., Drevnosti Bospora 1, moskva, 86-104.
  684. Zin'ko, v.n. 1998b. Pogrebal'nye kompleksy s chory nimfeja, MAIET 6, 173-185.
  685. Zin'ko, v.n. 2001. issledovanie severnogo mogil'nika Južno-Čurubašskogo poselenija, in: v.n. Zin'ko (ed.), Bospor Kimmerijskij i Pont v period antičnosti i srednevekov'ja. (materialy ii Bosporskich čtenij, kerč', 20-23 maja 2001 g. kerč', 35-41.
  686. Zin'ko, v.n. 2002a. novyj gruntovyj mogil'nik na chore nimfeja, Bosporskie issledovanija 2, Simferopol', 219-248.
  687. Zin'ko, v.n. 2002b. Severo-zapadnyj rajon nimfejskoj chory, Drevnosti Bospora 5, moskva, 107-119.
  688. Zin'ko, v.n. 2003. Chora bosporskogo goroda Nimfeja (Bosporskie issledovanija, 4). Simferopol'.
  689. Popov 2002, 156-165 fig. 41 (with bibliography).
  690. Stefanov 1997.
  691. Popov 2002, 170-172.
  692. For the history of the roman military presence and the fortification system on 16 For the history of the roman military presence and the fortification system on the lower Danube, see ivanov 1997; 1999; Zahariade & gudea 1997. new results obtained from the survey in Conrad & Stančev 2002.
  693. For that reason a definite theory regarding the transition period from late iron age to roman times is still impossible.
  694. For the limes road cf. Conrad & Stančev 2002, 676 figs. 2-4.
  695. Cf. Soproni 1978; ubl 1980. Cf. Soproni 1978; ubl 1980.
  696. Cf. Poulter 1999c, 42-43.
  697. Cf. Poulter 1999c, 42-43.
  698. Cf. Bülow 1995a.
  699. in this hilly landscape many fortified hilltop settlements were erected, cf. rašev 1982, 7-16 map 1.
  700. Cf. Bülow 1995a, 43-49; martin 1995, 40-41.
  701. Bernhard 2001, 60-65 fig. 12. 25 Similar sizes were recorded in 25 Similar sizes were recorded in Germania superior in the territories between the lower neckar, rhine and Danube, cf. hüssen 1994, 261 (plots between 60 and 120 ha, mostly between 65 and 80 ha).
  702. Cf. Conrad & Stančev 2002, 674 fig. 5. 27 Piso 1991. 27 Piso 1991.
  703. For this discussion, cf. ivanov, r. 1997, 599-601; 1999, 267-269.
  704. For this discussion, cf. ivanov, r. 1997, 599-601; 1999, 267-269.
  705. Cf. henning 1987, 35-40; 1994, 471-473.
  706. Cf. v. Bülow 1995b, 64-65.
  707. Cf. v. Bülow 1995b, 64-65.
  708. Cf. the results of the excavation of the medieval settlement overlaying the former iatrus fortress in Wendel 1986. Bibliography alexandrescu, a. 1974. autour des fouilles de Zimnicea: i. La nécropole datée du bronze tardif de Zimnicea. ii. agglomeration et nécropole gétiques à Zimnicea, Thracia 3, 47-65.
  709. Bailey, D.W., r.e. tringham & J. Bass 1998. expanding the dimensions of early agricultural tells: the Podgoritsa archaeological Project, Bulgaria. JFieldA 25.4, 373-396.
  710. Bender, h. & h. Wolff (eds.) 1994. Ländliche Besiedlung und Landwirtschaft in den Rhein-Donau-Provinzen des Römischen Reiches (Passauer universitätss- chriften zur archäologie, 2). espelkamp.
  711. Bernhard, h. 2001. Die römische geschichte der Pfalz, in: k.-h. rothenberger, k. Scherer & J. keddigkeit (eds.), Pfälzische Geschichte I. kaiserslautern, 45-78.
  712. Bülow, g. von 1994. Das spätantike kastell iatrus am unterdonau-Limes in Bulgarien. Stand und Probleme der erforschung. vortrag zur Jahressit- zung der römisch-germanischen kommission, BerRGK 75, 5-22.
  713. Bülow, g. von 1995a. Die entwicklung des Siedlungsbildes von iatrus in der Periode B/C, in: Iatrus-Krivina v. Berlin, 29-53.
  714. Bülow, g. von 1995b. Die Siedlungsperiode D2 in iatrus, in: Iatrus-Krivina v. Berlin, 61-66.
  715. Bülow, g. von & a. milčeva (eds.) 1999. Der Limes an der unteren Donau von Diokletian bis Heraklios. Sofia.
  716. Conrad, S. & D. Stančev 2002. archaeological Survey on the roman Frontier on the lower Danube between novae and Sexaginta Prista. Preliminary report (1997-2000), in: P. Freeman, J. Bennett, Z.t. Fiema & B. hoffmann (eds.), Proceedings of the XVIIIth International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies held in Amman, Jordan (September 2000) (Bar intern. Ser., 1084). oxford, 673-684.
  717. Conrad, S. & D. Stančev 1998, ein Limeskastell und sein umfeld, Arch. Deutsch- land, 2, 64.
  718. Danov, C. 1976. Altthrakien. Berlin.
  719. Domaradski, m. (ed.) 1999. Pametnici na trakijskata kultura na gornoto tečenie na reka Mesta (razkopki i proučvanija, 26). Sofia.
  720. Domaradski, m. (ed.) 2001. Materiali za arheologijata na sredna Struma (razkopki i proučvanija, 27). Sofia.
  721. Donevski, P. 1997. new Late roman Fortress in Svištov to the West of novae, in: a. Biernacki & P. Pawlak (eds.), Late Roman and Early Byzantine Cities on the Lower Danube. Poznań, 35-38.
  722. Dremsizova-nelčinova, C. & D. ivanov 1983. Archeologičeski pametnici v Ru- senski okrăg. Sofia.
  723. henning, J. 1987. Südosteuropa zwischen Antike und Mittelalter (archäologische Beiträge zur Landwirtschaft des 1. Jahrtausends u.Z. Schriften zur ur-und Frühgeschichte, 42). Berlin.
  724. henning, J. 1994. Die ländliche Besiedlung im umland von Sadovec, nord- bulgarien (vit-tal) und die römischen agrarstrukturen im europäischen vorland von Byzanz (thrakien/niedermösien), in: Bender & Wolff (eds.) 1994, 463-503.
  725. hüssen, C.-m. 1994. Die ländliche Besiedlung und Landwirtschaft oberger- maniens zwischen Limes, unterem neckar, rhein und Donau während der kaiserzeit, in: Bender & Wolff (eds.) 1994, 255-265.
  726. Iatrus-Krivina i-v (Schriften zur geschichte und kultur der antike, 17). Berlin 1979-1995.
  727. ivanov, D. 1975. Srebărnoto săkrovište ot selo Borovo, rusensko, Izkustvo, 3-4, 14-22.
  728. ivanov, r. 1997. Das römische verteidigungssystem an der unteren Donau zwischen Dorticum und Durostorum (Bulgarien) von augustus bis mau- rikios, BerRGK 78, 468-640.
  729. ivanov, r. 1999. Dolnodunavskata otbranitelna sistema meždu Dortikum i Duros- torum ot Avgust do Mavrikij. Sofia.
  730. krauß, r. 2006. Die prähistorische Besiedlung am Unterlauf der Jantra Prähistorische Archäologie in Südosteuropa 20. Rahden.
  731. Lichardus, J., a. Fol & L. getov et al. 1996. Bericht über die bulgarisch-deutschen ausgrabungen in Drama (1989-1995). neolithikum -kupferzeit - Bronzezeit -eisenzeit -römerzeit, BerRGK 77, 5-154.
  732. marazov, i. (ed.). 1998. Ancient Gold: The wealth of the Thracians. Treasures from the Republic of Bulgaria. Catalogue accompanying a travelling exhibition opening in Feb. 1. With essays by A. Fol, M. Tacheva, I. Venedikov. new york. martin, J. 1995. Spätantike und Völkerwanderung (oldenbourg grundriss der geschichte, 4). münchen 3 .
  733. nestor, i. 1950. raport sumar asupra campaniei de săpături arheologice de la Zimnicea, StudCercIstorV 1.1, 93-102.
  734. oppermann, m. 1984. Thraker zwischen Karpatenbogen und Ägäis. Leipzig-Jena-Berlin.
  735. Piso, i. 1991, Die inschriften vom Pfaffenberg und der Bereich der Canabae legionis, Tyche 6, 131-169.
  736. Popov, Chr. 2002. Urbanizacija văv vătrešnite rajoni na Trakija i Ilirija prez VI-I vek predi Christa. Sofia.
  737. Poulter, a. 1999a. the transition to Late antiquity on the Lower Danube: an interim report (1996-8), AntJ 79, 145-185.
  738. Poulter, a. 1999b. "gradishte" near Dichin: a new Late roman Fortress on the Lower Danube, in: Bülow & milčeva (eds.) 1999, 207-227.
  739. Poulter, a. 1999c. Nicopolis ad Istrum: A Roman to Early Byzantine City. The Pottery and Glass. With R.K. Falkner on the pottery and J.D. Shepherd on the glass (reports of the research Committee of the Society of antiquaries London, 57). London-new york.
  740. Press L. & t. Sarnowski 1990. novae. römisches Legionslager und frühbyz- antinische Stadt an der unteren Donau, AW 21, 4, 225-243.
  741. rašev, r. 1982. Starobălgarski ukreplenija po Dolnija Dunav (VII-X v.) Varna.
  742. Soproni, S. 1978. Der spätrömische Limes zwischen Esztergom und Szentendre. Budapest.
  743. Stefanov, J. 1997. Archeologiceski pametnici i istorija na proučvanija v Isperihskija rajon. Sofia.
  744. Stefanov, S. 1956. Starinite po dolnija basejn na Jantra (materiali za archeologičeskata karta na Bălgarija, 8). Sofia. ubl, h. 1980, Der Österreichische abschnitt des Donau-Limes. ein For- schungsbericht (1970-1979), in: W.S. hanson & L.J.F. keppie (eds.), Roman Frontier Studies 12 (Bar intern. Ser., 71). oxford, 587-611.
  745. vălov, v. 1962. razkopki na kaleto v gr. Svištov, ArcheologijaSof 4.4, 7-15.
  746. Wendel, m. 1986. Die mittelalterlichen Siedlungen, in: Iatrus-Krivina iii, 27-210.
  747. Zahariade, m. & n. gudea 1997. The Fortifications of Lower Moesia. amster- dam. indices athens 13, 17, 18, 226, 259 attica 17, 18, 20, 226, 234
  748. Aulita (harbour) 171 austin 188 ayancik 53 azov Sea 216, 225, 233, 235, 276, 278, 279, 292
  749. Babadag 59 Babenkovо (site) 253
  750. Baklan'ja Skala (site) 279
  751. Balaklava 167
  752. Balaklava (valley) 154
  753. Balkan (mountains) 310, 319, 325
  754. Balkans 309, 311, 317, 326
  755. Barakol' (lake) 259
  756. Basento (river) 10, 191, 193, 194
  757. Basilicata 175, 188, 200 n. 1
  758. Batal'noe (village) 232 Bay of reefs 225 Beidaud 59 Bejkuš (cape) 118
  759. Bejkuš (site) 104, 118
  760. Bel'bek (river) 163, 170
  761. Bel'bek (valley) 154
  762. Belgorod-Dnestrovskij 81
  763. Belinskoe (site) 282 Belogorsk 261 Berbati-Limes 39
  764. Beregovoe i (site) 253, 255 Beregovoe ii (site) 253
  765. Beregovoe iii (site) 253
  766. Berezan' 53, 54, 63, 84, 99, 100, 102, 104, 105, 107, 108, 109, 116, 121, 124, 193, 194, 275
  767. Berezan' (liman) 102, 105, 116, 134
  768. Berezanskij Liman, see Berezan' (liman) Berezan'-Sosik (liman) 104 Berlin 328
  769. Berman (ravine) 155, 156, 169, 170
  770. Bezymjannaja hill 168, 169, 170, 186, 187, 188
  771. Indices Bijuk-Janyšar (site) 253, 255, 258
  772. Bjala 310, 312, 313, 314, 316
  773. Black Sea 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 28, 36, 39, 41, 42, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 55, 59, 63, 71 n. 29, 81, 82, 85, 96, 100, 102, 108, 141, 144, 145, 146, 172 n. 1, 175, 199, 208, 214, 231, 235, 240, 250, 255, 278, 281, 283, 302, 309, 311, 314, 325
  774. Bližnee i (site) 260
  775. Bližnee ii (site) 253
  776. Bližnee iii (site) 260
  777. Bližnee 4 (site) 253
  778. Bližnee 5 (site) 253
  779. Bližnee 6 (site) 253
  780. Boeotia 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 22, 35, 39
  781. Bogaj (bay) 146
  782. Bol'šaja Černomorka 2 (site) 109 Bonn 328 Borovo 313 Borysthenes (river) 102, 105
  783. Bosporos (kimmerian) 10, 53, 54, 108, 110, 121, 207, 208, 209, 211, 213, 225, 233, 234, 235, 239, 240, 241 n. 14, 243 n. 58, 249, 250, 251, 254, 255, 256, 257, 260, 262, 263, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283 n. 1, n.3, 284 n. 15, n. 19, 285 n. 32, n. 33, 287, 289, 292, 295, 302, 306
  784. Bosporos (thracian) 53 Boyabat 49 Boztepe 48, 52
  785. Bradano (river) 10, 179, 191, 192 Bucharest 309 Budapest 175
  786. Bug (liman) 102, 104, 106, 126, 128, 134
  787. Bug (river) 7, 99, 100, 102, 105, 107, 115, 116, 117, 118, 120, 121, 122, 124, 129, 130, 131, 132, 135, 275
  788. Bulganakskaja (ravine) 224
  789. Bulgaria 309, 312, 314, 315, 325, 328 n. 4 Byzantion 53
  790. Čajka (site) 279
  791. Calabria 200 n. 1 Caucasus 283 Caucasus (uročišče) 170
  792. Čauda (cape) 211, 212, 215, 216, 217
  793. Cavone (river) 179, 191, 192 Čelajdinovo vostočnoe (site) 300, 301
  794. Černaja (river) 154
  795. Čertovatoe 7 (site) 118, 118, 120 Čertovatoe (ravine; site) 124 Chalkedon 53 Chersonesos 7, 9, 10, 43 n. 31, 68, 73 n. 79, 108, 121, 141, 144, 147, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 159, 160, 162, 163, 165, 167, 169, 170, 171, 172, 175, 176, 177, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 191, 193, 197, 198, 199, 200 n. 1, 207, 208, 233, 235, 236, 239, 240, 241 n. 7, 244 n. 71, 257, 259, 260, 262, 263, 278, 279
  796. Chersonesos (cape) 231, 240
  797. Chersonesos' Lighthouse (= Chersonesos majak) 152
  798. Chersonesos majak, see Chersonesos' Lighthouse Chios 259, 260
  799. Cholmogorka ii (site) 253
  800. Chomutova (ravine) 170
  801. Chroni (mountain) 224
  802. Čistopol'e (village) 226
  803. Čobruči (village) 88, 96
  804. Cogealac (village) 65
  805. Čokrak (cape) 241 n. 14, 274, 279
  806. Čokrak (lake) 280
  807. Čokrak (spring) 276
  808. Čokrak-Babčinskaja (depression) 226
  809. Čokrakskij mys, see Čokrak (cape) Comana (site) 68
  810. Corbu de Jos (site) 62, 63 Costineşti 73 n. 80
  811. Costineşti-"mănăstirea" (site) 68, 73
  812. Cotu văii-"via lui avram" (site) 68
  813. Cozzo Presepe (site) 179, 195 Crete 23, 35
  814. Čurubaš (lake) 219, 221, 242 n. 44, 290
  815. Čurubaš (river) 304 Čurubaš 2 (site) 302 Čurubaš 3 (site) 302
  816. Čurubaš Citadel (site) 304
  817. Čurubaš South (= Južno-Čurubašskoe;
  818. Čurubašskie Skalki 294, 304
  819. Čurubašskij majak 1 (site) 300, 302
  820. Čurubašskij majak 2 (site) 300, 302 Čurubašskij majak 3 (site) 304
  821. Čurubašskoe 296, 302, 304
  822. Čuruk-Su (river) 229
  823. Čuška Spit 232 Cyprus 48
  824. Dači (site) 253
  825. Dacia libera 318
  826. Dal'nie kamyši (site) 253
  827. Danube (river) 59, 62, 66, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 323, 324, 325, 327, 329 n. 16
  828. Dar'evka (village) 131
  829. Demirci (valley) 53, 54
  830. Didova Chata (site) 125, 131
  831. Didova Chata iii (fort) 133
  832. Djurmen (mountain) 216
  833. Dnieper (liman) 102, 104, 116, 125, 128, 134, 135
  834. Dnieper (river) 107, 108, 124, 129, 279
  835. Dniester (river) 7, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89, 94, 95 213, 217, 219, 220, 221, 222, 224, 226, 229, 232, 233, 234, 240, 242 n. 43, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 280, 284, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 294, 295, 296, 298, 302, 304 nymphaion (cape) 290 očakov 126 odessa (bay) 135 Odessos 314 ogon'ki (site) 294 ogon'ki 1 (site) 296, 297, 298, 302 ogon'ki 4 (site) 221 ogon'ki 6 (site) 302 ojrat (cape) 163, 239 oktjabr'skoe (site) 279
  836. Orgame 66, 67, 71 n. 46, 84 osoviny (village) 224 ostrovnoe (site) 253 ovidiopol' i (site) 88 Pannonia 317 Panskoe i (site) 143, 163, 199
  837. Pantanello (necropolis) 198, 199
  838. Pantanello (sanctuary) 185, 198
  839. Pantanello (site) 194, 195, 196, 197, 198
  840. Pantikapaion 121, 207, 211, 216, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 229, 232, 234, 240, 250, 257, 260, 261, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 284 n. 6, n. 13, n. 19, 292, 295, 297
  841. Paphlagonia 282 Parpač (rampart) 229
  842. Parpač (ridge) 210, 216, 221, 229, 230, 231, 233 Parthenion 274 Parthenopolis 73 n. 80 Partizany 1 (site) 253, 255 Partizany 2 (site) 253, 255 Partizany 3 (site) 253
  843. Parutino (village) 126
  844. Patrasys 10, 234, 274, 275
  845. Pecineaga (site) 68 Peparethos 259
  846. Perekop (isthmus) 229, 233
  847. Pesočnaja (bay) 169
  848. Peuke, see Sf. gheorghe Phanagoria 121, 257, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279
  849. Phorades 48 Physke 81 Pisticci (site) 179
  850. Pivdennoe i (site) 88 Pizzica 192
  851. Plavni (= ičkil-Džilga; uročišče) 221
  852. Pljaž "Dinamo" (site) 253
  853. Poljanka (site) 280
  854. Pontos (also Pontos Euxeinos) 52, 55, 84, 121, 249, 261, 282
  855. Privetnoe (site) 253
  856. Psoa 241 n. 5
  857. Pustynnyj Bereg (site) 279
  858. Pylos 29, 33, 36, 37, 38, 39, 42 Quarantine (cape) 147 raevskoe (site) 281 raz'ezd 107 km 1 (site) 253 razelm (lake) 62 razelm-Sinoe (lagoon) 59 rhine 329 n. 25 Rhodos 259, 260, 278 roksolany (village) 81 romania 309, 312 romanovka (site) 253 rome 143, 175, 183, 188 ruse 309, 328 and n. 2 russia 116, 199 Šabla 68, 72 n. 66 Sacharnaja golovka (site) 170 Sadovoe 2 (site) 253
  859. Saki (lake) 141, 147
  860. Salgir (river) 254 Samos 259 Samothrace 259
  861. San Biagio (sanctuary) 185
  862. San vito (site) 194
  863. Sandbjerg 7, 43 n. 38
  864. Sant' angelo nuovo (site) 195
  865. Sapun (mountain) 171, 187 Sarinasuf 62
  866. Sary-kaja (mountain) 253, 255, 258 Sarylar (village) 214
  867. Sasyk-Sivaš (lake) 146, 147
  868. Sborjanovo (region) 314, 328 n. 4
  869. Schitu (site) 68, 73 n. 80
  870. Semenovka (site) 280, 282
  871. Semibratnee (site) 281
  872. Sennoe (village) 261
  873. Sevastopol' 175
  874. Sevastopol' (bay) 151, 152, 154, 163, 167 Sf. gheorghe 62, 66
  875. Šiban (village, now Frontovoe) 230, 231
  876. Sibioara (site) 62
  877. Sinoe (lake) 62
  878. Sinoe-"insula Lupilor" (site) 62
  879. Sinoe-"Zmeica" (site) 62