Antimalarial Activity and Survival Time of Andrographis paniculata Fraction (AS202-01) on Plasmodium berghei Infected Mice (original) (raw)
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Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research, 2023
Context: Andrographis paniculata has been used as a traditional medicine to treat malaria. The ethyl acetate fraction of A. paniculata containing diterpene lactone compounds was developed into a tablet dosage form, AS201-01. Aims: To determine the antimalarial activity and toxicity of AS201-01 to guarantee its efficacy and safety. Methods: Antimalarial assay in male Balb/c mice based on Peter’s four-day suppressive test at a dose of 6.25, 12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg BW and 10 mg/kg BW of chloroquine as a positive control. In acute toxicity, AS201-01 was administered orally at a dose of 5, 50, 200, and 2,000 mg/kg BW in male rats (Wistar rats) and observed for 14 days to identify signs of toxicity and mortality. Meanwhile, AS201-01 was administered at 50, 327, and 1,000 mg/kg BW per day for 28 days in male and female rats to assess subchronic toxicity. Results: AS201-01 has antimalarial activity and exhibited the highest suppressive effect at 50 mg/kg BW dose with inhibition of 73.48%. Meanwhile, chloroquine at 10 mg/kg BW has an inhibition of 97.94%. AS201-01 was highly active as an antimalarial with an ED50 value of 5.95 mg/kg BW and increased survival time. Administration of AS201-01 is relatively safe in acute and subchronic toxicity studies. No clinical signs and mortality were observed in either study. The 50% lethal dose (LD50) was above 2,000 mg/kg BW. Conclusions: AS201-01 is effective as an antimalarial and non-toxic when administered orally at an equivalent therapeutic dose in an animal model.
Since the emergence of drug resistant strains of malaria parasites, the rate of resistance has been increasing and limiting adequate treatment of malaria. Consequently, there is an urgent global need to isolate new classes of antimalarial compounds from natural sources. The aim of this study was to test Andrographis paniculata extract for the ability to treat malaria. The Andrographis paniculata powder from commercial capsule was freshly dissolved in DMSO and diluted with normal saline. The four-day suppressive, curative effects against established infection and prophylactic models of the extract were carried out in P. berghei ANKA infected ICR mice, using pyrimethamine as a positive control. Parasitemia was then monitored at day 4 after treatment with the extracts (suppressive and curative tests) or after infection (prophylactic test), and percent inhibition was subsequently calculated and compared with pyrimethamine treated group. It was found that the extract (2, 20, and 100 mg.k...
Objective: The aim was to determine the antimalarial drug effectiveness of the combination therapy model of 80% ethanolic extract of sambiloto (EES) and chloroquine on Plasmodium berghei infected mice. Methods: Five groups of P. berghei infected mice were used in this study, divided by three combinations therapy models of EES and chloroquine groups (Model A, B, C), one monotherapy of EES group (Model D) and one untreated group (Model E) as a control. EES and chloroquine were used at a dose of 100 mg/kg mice body weight and 0.15 mg/kg mice body weight, respectively. Only for Model C, chloroquine was used at a dose of 10 mg/kg mice body weight. Three combinations therapy models consisted of Model A: Infected mice treated by EES and chloroquine for 4 days; Model B: treated by EES for 4 days and chloroquine for 1 day at 1 st day; Model C: treated by EES for 4 days and chloroquine for 1 day at 4 th day. Meanwhile, Model D and E were treated by EES and vehicle each for 4 days, respectivel...
IN VIVO ANTIPLASMODIAL POTENTIAL OF COMBINATIONS OF THREE NIGERIAN ANTIMALARIAL PLANTS
Malaria caused by plasmodium parasite is at the moment the highest killer disease in Nigeria, killing mostly pregnant women and children under the age of five years. Efforts are on to developing more potent antimalarials from plants’ sources that will be cheaper, without adverse effects, readily available and will be able to replace existing antimalarials that are already facing resistance by plasmodium. Hence, the aim of this study is to investigate the in vivo antiplasmodial potential of combinations of aqueous extracts of Ocimum gratissimum, Phyllantus amarus and Acanthospernum hispidum for the treatment of malaria against Plasmodium berghei (1 × 107) infection in Swiss albino mice. The study is sectioned into two analyses which are suppressive and curative. For each analysis there are four groups of treatment which include negative control, positive control, chloroquine treated group and the group infected and treated with 400mg/kg body weight of aqueous extract of each of the three plants. The chemo-suppressive and curative effect of these plants against P. berghei were investigated and compared with those of standard antimalarial drug used in the treatment of malaria parasite infection. Tail bleeding was performed to check the percentage parasitaemia by making a thin film smear on a slide and visualized under the microscope. The curative results showed that the aqueous extract of A. hispidum exhibited a highly significant (p< 0.05) difference and had a percentage inhibition of about 51.15% in comparison with the positive control. Also, the aqueous extract of P. Amarus had a good curative effect with percentage inhibition of about 69.16% and exhibited a close curative activity of the parasite to chloroquine treated mice which had the highest percentage inhibition of about 72.15%. O. gratissium had a percentage inhibition of about 45.30% with a high significant in comparison with the negative control. Also, O. gratissimum, P. amarus and A. hispidum showed a percentage suppression of 33.85%, 55.78% and 66.75% respectively following a 4-day treatment with 400mg/kg body weight of each of the plant extracts. A 5mg/kg of chloroquine gave the highest percentage suppression of 70.27%, while the combinations of the three plants extracts gave a percentage suppression of 66.65%. The result of the untreated group showed that there was an increase in the level of all the liver and kidney enzymes while the level of the groups treated with plants extract stabilized the level of these enzymes in the blood when compared to the chloroquine treated group. There was pathological lesion seen on the liver and kidney of positive control group whereas the photomicrographs of the liver and kidney section of the group treated with aqueous extract of O. gratissimum, P. amarus and A. hispidum showed no pathological lesion. The gas chromatography analysis identified the phytochemical constituents (alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids and cardiac glycosides) present in O. gratissimum. The DPPH result indicated that the aqueous extract of O. gratissimum had a mean scavenging activity of 67.67% which was significantly higher (p < 0.005) than that of P. amarus and A. hispidum with a mean scavenging activity of 63.03% and 61.48% respectively. This study showed that the combination of the aqueous extracts of the three plants gave varied activities in their suppressive and curative effects. Hence, the results justified the combinations of the three plants in antimalarial herbal remedies.
In vivo Antimalarial Activity of Andrographis Paniculata Tablets
Procedia Chemistry, 2014
The formulation of three phytopharmaceutical products of Andrographispaniculata fractions (AP fraction A and B) containing diterpene lactones as an active substance were developed and their antimalarial activities against Plasmodium bergheihas been examined. In vivo antimalarial assay on P. berghei infected mice was carried out by oral administration,twice a dayfor four consecutive days of the AP fractions product, which were Tablet I : wet granulated formula of AP fraction A; Tablet II : wet granulated formula of AP fraction B; Tablet III : solid dispersion formula of AP fraction B.. The results revealed that three phytopharmaceutical products of A.paniculata were inhibited parasite's growth with inhibition range of 70.15% to 80.35%. There was no significant difference of antimalarial activities between Tablet II and III, meanwhile there was significant difference among Tablet I with Tablet II and Tablet III.It was concluded that antimalarial activity depending on raw material form of A. paniculata active substance.
An Overview on Antimalarial Drugs
2020
We all are well aware about the infectious disease malaria which is transmitted by the bite of female mosquito Anopheles carries the plasmodium parasite and when this mosquito suck blood, the parasite released into the blood vessels. There are four kinds of malarial parasites that can infect humans: “Plasmodium vivax”, “P. ovale”, “P. Malariae”, and “P. Falciparum”. Plasmodium falciparum is a very dangerous form of disease which enhances the death. An infected mother can also pass the disease to her baby at the time of birth known as “congenital malaria”. From a very long time, significant antimalarial drugs comprised of natural herbs were used. Since 1930’s these herbal drugs are extended more with a progession of many manufactured drugs used to treat malaria. Ayurvedic prescriptions were used to treat "jungle fever" (malaria) from thousands years which are the wellspring of two primary gatherings of present day antimalarial medications “artemisinin” and “qunine” subsidia...
Antimalarial activity of selected Malaysian medicinal plants
2012
Treatment of malaria infection has becoming extremely challenging due to widespread resistance of the parasite towards available antimalarial drugs. In the present study, we investigated the antimalarial activity of five local Malaysian medicinal plants species incuding Eurycoma longifolia, Andrographis paniculata, Alyxia lucida, Ardisia Crispa and Orthosiphon Stamineus. Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection in ICR mice was used as model for malaria infection. Malaria was initiated by inoculation of mice with 2 x 10 7 parasitized red blood cells and treatment with various concentrations of the plant extracts was carried out once daily in a 4-day suppressive test against parasitaemia development. Results showed that Eurycoma longifolia, Andrographis paniculata and Ardisia Crispa exhibited considerable antimalarial activity, whereas Alyxia lucida only showed a weak activity and Orthosiphon stamineus did not show any antimalarial activity.
Gessler et al 1994 Antimalarial Act Acta Trop59--1994
Forty-three different plant species commonly used in traditional medicine for the treatment of malaria were selected and screened for their antimalarial activity against Plasmodiumfalciparum in vitro. Thirteen of the 43 species were obtained directly from traditional healers who use these plants for the treatment of malaria. The other plant species were collected on the basis of ethnomedicinal information in the literature. The plant material was collected from Morogoro, Dar es Salaam and Kagera regions in Tanzania. Fiftyeight plant samples from these 43 plant species, including leaves, roots and stem bark, were investigated. Apart from the crude EtOH extracts, petroleum ether (PE), ethyl acetate (EtAc) and H20 fractions of these extracts were also tested. The in vitro testing revealed that 37% of the investigated plants showed strong antimalarial activity with IC50 values below 10 ~tg/ml. The four most active plants included Cissampelos mucronata, Maytenus senegalensis, Salacia madagascariensis and Zanthoxylum chalybeum.
Journal of Parasitology Research, 2019
The objective of the present study was to investigate phytochemical components, antiplasmodial activity (in vivo) and evaluate the toxicity of two local medicinal plants, namely, Salvadora persica L. and Balanites rotundifolia (Van Tiegh.) used in Afar ethnomedicine for the treatment of malaria. In this study, phytochemical screening has been done using standard methods and the existence of antiplasmodial compounds was detected in these plant extracts. Four-day Peter's test was used to determine parasite inhibition, PCV was determined by Wintrob's method, and effects against loss of body weight and improvements on survival time were determined. LD50s of the crude extracts have been also done. Acute toxicity studies of the extracts were carried out in Swiss albino mice prior to antimalarial activity test. All extracts revealed no obvious acute toxicities on mice up to the highest (5000mg/kg) dose given. The crude extract was estimated to have oral median lethal dose higher than 5,000 mg/kg. With the 4-day suppressive test, both plant extracts demonstrated dose-dependent significant reduction in parasitemia level at all test doses compared to the negative control: in the extract of B. rotundifolia 500 mg/kg extract (60.59±3.25%), 350 mg/kg extract (48.1±1.4), and 200 mg/kg extract (41.33±1.1%) were found. And in case of S. Persica 500 mg/kg extract (50.6±4.01%), 350 mg/kg extract (35.85±0.89), and 200 mg/kg extract (27.69±1.14%) were found. The results of this study provide support for the traditional therapeutic value and the reported antimalarial activity.
Antimalaria Activities of Several Active Compounds from Medicinal Plants
Pharmacognosy Journal, 2022
Malaria is still a health problem in the world, with 229 million cases of malaria worldwide and more than 400,000 people suffering from malaria dying each year.1 The high number of malaria cases is caused by the emergence of various obstacles in eradicating malaria, including the resistance of malaria parasites to available antimalarial drugs, increased Anopheles mosquito immunity to chemicals, and the discovery of side effects from these antimalarial drugs.2 The growing and widespread resistance to all the first-line antimalarial drugs used in the treatment and prevention of malaria has now caused many problems in the malaria prevention programme.3 Research to obtain new antimalarial drugs, both synthetic drugs and those derived from natural materials, is continuing, one of which is through the exploration of active compounds from natural materials, especially medicinal plants that have traditionally been used by the community to treat malaria in various endemic areas across the wo...