Cultural factors and gender role in female entrepreneurship (original) (raw)
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The Role of Culture and Gender on Women Entrepreneurship
2019
The economic progress of the nation is indicated by the entrepreneurial activity and overall societal development in displayed through the gender equality in terms of women"s contributions across all domains. Various studies on entrepreneurship point that several factors contribute to the entrepreneurship in a nation. These include – culture, economic scenario (ease of doing business), finances, entrepreneurial traits, skills, the level of development in the markets, etc. Research shows the gradual progress of women across multiple professions. However, they continue to lag behind because of traditional culture, improper balance between the roles in the family and profession, lack of societal support, and the most vital factor is the skills. Many women, who are not culturally supported, continue to suffer from excessive dependency on male dominance. Despite having innovative ideas, in addition to bringing additional economic wealth and social progress, lack of encouragement thr...
Cross-Cultural Analysis of Gender Gap in Entrepreneurship
Changing Societies & Personalities, 2021
Women entrepreneurs have progressively gained more space in what is mostly a man-dominated business world. However, a considerable gender gap in the likelihood of starting a business venture still exists in most countries in the world. Such gap can vary depending on the country and on its socio-cultural, legal and economic conditions among others. In this paper, Hofstede's cultural dimensions and the Human Development Index of 55 countries are tested in order to identify what factors have a positive effect on the gender gap. Results indicate that the most influential factor is the Human Development index, meaning that the more developed a country is, the lower the gender gap in the entrepreneurship is. In addition, the results also indicate that a lower level of gender gap is also observed in rather individualistic, pragmatic and risk-adverse cultures.
Gender Issues in Entrepreneurship
Foundations and Trends® in Entrepreneurship, 2009
Entrepreneurship is a human universal. All over the world, and throughout history, people have created businesses. Yet, although women make up more than 50 percent of the world population, they own and manage significantly fewer businesses than men. Venture types and management styles vary across genders as well. Women entrepreneurship presents several distinctive characteristics that differentiate it from men entrepreneurship. But variations exist also across women entrepreneurs in various countries, and between women who are involved in entrepreneurship and those who are not. Overall, the explanation for the behavior of women entrepreneurs and its distinctiveness is complex and multifaceted. Evidence to date suggests that reasons contributing to explaining these differences include demographic and socioeconomic variables, subjective perceptions, and cultural factors and institutions, and that such differences have significant implications at the macroeconomic level. Studying female entrepreneurship allows researchers to ask questions that shed light on the linkages Many thanks go to Patti Greene for her detailed and insightful comments and to the GEM Consortium for allowing use of the data. All errors are mine.
An Empirical Study Of Factors Influencing Gender Differences In Entrepreneurship
International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER), 2011
The paper examines the difference between male and female entrepreneurs and how those differences can be used towards the future development of entrepreneurship. The sample size consists of 21 entrepreneurs (10 male and 11 female). The interview method using questionnaires was used to obtain the information. There is sufficient evidence to indicate that characteristic differences were major factors found in the root of gender differences. Further, family background and social background were contributory factors in determining the differences of male and female entrepreneurs. Education level of both sexes also influenced the quality of entrepreneurs. Subsequently, Government policies also contributed towards gender differences in the entrepreneurship world. The different capabilities of male and female entrepreneur had significant impact on the entrepreneurship fraternity. Clearly, country and social roles too determine the success of entrepreneurial women.
European Journal of Development Research, 2010
In this article we provide an introduction to the papers in the special section of this edition of the European Journal of Development Research. We start by framing the challenges posed by female entrepreneurship to the research community, note some of the findings in the literature pertaining to the cross-national understanding of female entrepreneurship, and review the existing literature on the role and experience of female entrepreneurs in developing countries. Despite progress in understanding the motivations, constraints and issues that confront female entrepreneurs, there is still substantial scope for further research. We then discuss four papers that advance this research agenda. Dans ce papier nous introduisons les articles composant la rubrique de ce nume´ro du European Journal of Development Research. Cette rubrique est consacre´e aux mode`les et de´terminants de l'entreprenariat fe´minin dans les diffe´rents pays, et se penche plus particulie`rement sur le cas des pays en voie de de´veloppement. Dans un premier temps, nous pre´sentons les de´fis que repre´sente la question de l'entreprenariat fe´minin pour la communaute´scientifique, nous de´crivons quelques uns des re´sultats de la litte´rature concernant la conception trans-nationale de l'entreprenariat fe´minin, et passons en revue la litte´rature portant sur le roˆle et les expe´riences des femmes entrepreneurs dans les pays en voie de de´veloppement. Bien que l'on comprenne de mieux en mieux les motivations des femmes entrepreneurs, ainsi que les contraintes et proble`mes auxquels elles font face, ces questions me´ritent des recherches plus approfondies. Nous pre´sentons ensuite quatre articles qui font progresser cet agenda de recherche.
Women’s entrepreneurship and culture: gender role expectations and identities, societal culture, and the entrepreneurial environment, 2021
Women's entrepreneurship is increasingly important for creating new jobs and contributing to the social and economic growth of their societies, yet the interplay and nuances of women's entrepreneurship and culture are currently understudied. In this special issue, we present eight empirical papers that delve into different aspects of the dynamic interaction between gender and culture in shaping women's entrepreneurship. We provide framework for women's entrepreneurship and culture research to organize the empirical research herein into three interconnected themes: gender role expectations and identities, societal cultural dimensions, and the entrepreneurial environment. This collection is an important step in integrating research on women's en-trepreneurship and culture and further exploring these dynamic and complex interactions, in different economic and societal systems and across geographies.
Explaining female and male entrepreneurship at the country level
Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 2006
Using Global Entrepreneurship Monitor data for 29 countries this study investigates the (differential) impact of several factors on female and male entrepreneurship at the country level. These factors are derived from three streams of literature, including that on entrepreneurship in general, on female labor force participation and on female entrepreneurship. The paper deals with the methodological aspects of investigating (female) entrepreneurship by distinguishing between two measures of female entrepreneurship: the number of female entrepreneurs and the share of women in the total number of entrepreneurs. The first measure is used to investigate whether variables have an impact on entrepreneurship in general (influencing both the number of female and male entrepreneurs). The second measure is used to investigate whether factors have a differential relative impact on female and male entrepreneurship, i.e., whether they influence the diversity or gender composition of entrepreneurship. Findings indicate that-by and large-female and male entrepreneurial activity rates are influenced by the same factors and in the same direction. However, for some factors (e.g., unemployment, life satisfaction) we find a differential impact on female and male entrepreneurship. The present study also shows that the factors influencing the number of female entrepreneurs may be different from those influencing the share of female entrepreneurs. In this light it is important that governments are aware of what they want to accomplish (i.e., do they want to stimulate the number of female entrepreneurs or the gender composition of entrepreneurship) to be able to select appropriate policy measures.
Small Business Economics
The present research analyzes the way in which gender-role orientation (GRO) and perceived entrepreneurial culture affect the advancement of women through the different stages in the entrepreneurial process. To do so, a sample of 1195 Spanish women is studied using Bem’s Sex Role Inventory to identify their GRO and a perceived regional culture (PRC) scale. The results confirm that women with a masculine or androgynous orientation are more likely to develop entrepreneurial careers. Besides, for masculine GRO women, the perception of a supportive entrepreneurial culture in their region fosters their advancement in entrepreneurship. In contrast, the effect of perceived culture is negative for women with an androgynous GRO. These results contribute to advance knowledge on the entrepreneurial process for women. Based on our results, the debate about women entrepreneurship should be expanded to fully acknowledge the relevance of GRO.