Problematizing Global Challenges: Recalibrating the ‘Inter’ in IR-Theory (The Forum), in: International Studies Review (2017) 19, 279–282 (with Morten Valbjørn). (original) (raw)

Abstract

The field of IR has been described as an “‘inter’-type discipline,” in the sense that it is devoted to studying the interactions of different kinds of international actors. However, despite the fact that the discipline has never been blind vis-à-vis the “in-between” (or relational) dimension of the subject matter, much of the focus in recent years’ discussions has, in various ways, been directed to the international in IR-theory. While acknowledging that this has alerted the discipline about the prevalent Western-centrism in much IR-theory and how it helped foster an awareness of the diversity of IR-communities around the globe, the present forum takes its point of departure in the view that in order to make the academic field of IR-theory worthy of its own name, it is now time to move the debate about global IR a step further and connect it to what has been unearthed in recent decades’ mapping of IR around the globe. To succeed in this endeavor, this forum suggests that it is necessary to both refocus and recalibrate the “inter” in IR-theory. Thus, in addition to bringing attention back to the inter-national dimension of IR-theory, it is also necessary to examine the conditions that determine how relevant actors (e.g., scholars and practitioners) interact in producing knowledge about “the international,” that is, the forms, formats, and foci of intellectual interactions. In this introduction, we will first elaborate the background for this call in order to explain why it is necessary and how it relates to, but also aims at transcending, the discussions about (post)-Western IR-theory in recent decades. We conclude with a sketch of how a recalibration of the “inter” in IR-theory involves a range of dimensions to be taken into consideration and how these are examined in the various contributions to this forum.

Loading...

Loading Preview

Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.

References (167)

  1. ACHARYA, AMITAV. 2011. "Dialogue and Discovery: In Search of International Relations Theories Beyond the West." Millennium: Journal of International Studies 39(3): 619-37.
  2. ---. 2014. "Global International Relations (IR) and Regional Worlds." International Studies Quarterly 58(4): 647-59.
  3. ---. 2016. "Advancing Global IR: Challenges, Contentions, and Contributions." International Studies Review 18(1): 4-15.
  4. ACHARYA, AMITAV, AND BARRY BUZAN. 2007. "Why Is There No Non-Western International Relations Theory? An Introduction." International Relations of the Asia-Pacific 7(3): 287-312.
  5. AGNEW, JOHN. 2007. "Know-Where: Geographies of Knowledge of World Politics." International Political Sociology 1(2): 138-48.
  6. ALAGAPPA, MUTHIAH. 2011. "International Relations Studies in Asia." International Relations of the Asia- Pacific 11(2): 193-230.
  7. ASHLEY, RICHARD K. 1986. "The Poverty of Neorealism." In Neorealism and Its Critics, edited by Robert O. Keohane, 255-300. New York: Columbia University Press.
  8. ASHLEY, RICHARD K., AND ROB B. J. WALKER. 1990. "Speaking the Language of Exile." International Studies Quarterly 34(3): 259-68.
  9. ASSMANN, JAN. 1995. "Collective Memory and Cultural Identity." New German Critique 65: 125-33.
  10. AUGE ´, MARC. 1995. Non-Places. Introduction to an Anthropology of Supermodernity. London: Verso.
  11. AYYASH, MARK MUHANNAD. 2010. "Hamas and the Israeli State: A 'Violent Dialogue.'" European Journal of International Relations 16(1): 103-23.
  12. BARKAWI, TARAK, AND MARK LAFFEY. 2006. "The Postcolonial Moment in Security Studies." Review of International Studies 32(2): 329-52.
  13. BASRUR, RAJESH M. 2009. "Scholarship on India's International Relations: Some Disciplinary Shortcomings." International Studies 46(1-2): 89-108.
  14. BEHERA, NAVNITA CHADHA. 2007. "Re-Imagining IR in India." International Relations of the Asia-Pacific 7(3): 341-68.
  15. BEHR, HARTMUT. 2007. "The European Union in the Legacies of Imperial Rule?" European Journal of International Relations 13(2): 239-62.
  16. ---. 2010. A History of International Political Theory: Ontologies of the International. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  17. ---. 2014. Politics of Difference: Epistemologies of Peace. London: Routledge.
  18. BERENSKOETTER, FELIX. 2007. "Friends, There Are No Friends? An Intimate Reframing of the International." Millennium: Journal of International Studies 35(3): 647-76.
  19. BILGIN, PINAR. 2008. "Thinking past 'Western' IR?" Third World Quarterly 29(1): 5-23.
  20. ---. 2012. "Civilisation, Dialogue, Security: Challenge of Post-Secularism and the Limits of Civilisational Dialogue." Review of International Studies 38(5): 1099-115.
  21. BLEIKER, ROLAND. 2009. Aesthetics and World Politics. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. BOHM, DAVID. 1996. On Dialogue. London: Routledge.
  22. BOOTH, KEN. 2010. "Realism Redux. Contexts, Concepts, Contests." In Realism and World Politics, edited by Ken Booth, 1-14. London: Routledge.
  23. BOURBEAU, PHILIPPE. 2015. Security: Dialogue Across Disciplines. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  24. BREITENBAUCH, HENRIK Ø. 2013. International Relations in France: Writing between Discipline and State. London: Routledge.
  25. BROWN, CHRIS. 2001. "Fog in Channel: Continental IR Theory Isolated." In International Relations Still an American Social Science? Towards Diversity in International Thought, edited by Robert Crawford and Darryl Jarvis, 203-19. Albany: The State University of New York Press.
  26. ---. 2012. "The 'Practice Turn,' Phronesis, and Classical Realism." Millennium: Journal of International Studies 40(3): 439-56.
  27. BURBULES, NICHOLAS. 2000. "The Limits of Dialogue as a Critical Pedagogy." In Revolutionary Pedagogies, edited by Peter Trifonas, 251-73. London: Routledge.
  28. BUZAN, BARRY. 2016. "Could IR Be Different?" International Studies Review 18(1): 155-57.
  29. CAMIC, CHARLES, AND HANS. JOAS 2004. The Dialogical Turn: New Roles for Sociology in the Postdisciplinary Age. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
  30. CHACKO, PRIYA. 2012. Indian Foreign Policy: The Politics of Postcolonial Identity from 1947 to 2004. London: Routledge.
  31. CHAN, STEPHEN. 2001. "Seven Types of Ambiguity in Western International Relations Theory and Painful Steps Towards Right Ethics." In The Zen of International Relations, edited by Stephen Chan, Peter Mandaville, and Roland Bleiker, 69-78. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  32. CHERNILO, DANIEL. 2006. "Methodological Nationalism and Its Critique." In The Sage Handbook of Nations and Nationalism, edited by Gerard Delant and Krishan Kumar, 129-40. London: Sage.
  33. CHERNOFF, FRED. 2002. "Scientific Realism as a Meta-Theory of International Politics." International Studies Quarterly 46(2): 189-207.
  34. ---. 2007. Theory and Metatheory in International Relations. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  35. ---. 2009. "Conventionalism as an Adequate Basis for Policy-Relevant IR Theory." European Journal of International Relations 15(1): 157-94.
  36. COLLINS, RANDALL. 1998. The Sociology of Philosophies: A Global Theory of Intellectual Change. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  37. CORNUT, JE ´RE ´MIE, AND DARIO BATTISTELLA. 2013. "Des RI Franc ¸aises en Emergence? Les Internationalistes Franc ¸ais Dans Le Sondage TRIP 2011." Revue Franc¸aise de Science Politique 63(2): 303-36.
  38. COX, ROBERT W. 1986. "Social Forces, States and World Orders: Beyond International Relations Theory." In Neorealism and its Critics, edited by Robert O. Keohane, 204-54. New York: Columbia University Press.
  39. CRAWFORD, ROBERT, AND DARRYL JARVIS. 2001. International Relations Still an American Social Science? Albany: The State University of New York Press.
  40. DALLMAYR, FRED. 2002. Dialogue Among Civilizations. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
  41. DALLMAYR, FRED, M. AKIF KAYAPINAR, AND ISMAIL YAYLACI. 2014. Civilizations and World Order: Geopolitics and Cultural Difference. Lanham, MD: Lexington.
  42. DANIELS, INGE. 2010. The Japanese House. Material Culture in the Modern Home. Oxford, UK: Berg.
  43. DAVIDSON, DONALD. 2001. Subjective, Intersubjective, Objective. Oxford, UK: Clarendon.
  44. ---. 2004. Problems of Rationality. Oxford, UK: Clarendon.
  45. DER DERIAN, JAMES, AND MICHAEL SHAPIRO. 1989. International/Intertextual Relations: Postmodern Readings of World Politics. Lanham, MD: Lexington.
  46. DOTY, ROXANNE LYNN. 1996. Imperial Encounters: The Politics of Representation in North-South Relations. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  47. DUGIN, ALEXANDER. 2014. "Alexander Dugin on Eurasianism, the Geopolitics of Land and Sea, and a Russian Theory of Multipolarity." Theory Talks, December 7. Accessed December 20, 2016. http:// www.theory-talks.org/2014/12/theory-talk-66.html.
  48. DUNNE, TIM, LENE HANSEN, AND COLIN WRIGHT. 2013. "The End of International Relations Theory?" European Journal of International Relations 19(3): 405-25.
  49. ESPOSITO, JOHN, AND JOHN O. VOLL. 2000. "Islam and the West: Muslim Voices of Dialogue." Millennium: Journal of International Studies 29(3): 613-39.
  50. FRIEDRICHS, JO ¨RG. 2001. "International Relations Theory in France." Journal of International Relations and Development 2(4): 118-37.
  51. FRIEDRICHS, JO ¨RG, AND FRIEDRICH KRATOCHWIL. 2009. "On Acting and Knowing: How Pragmatism Can Advance International Relations Research and Methodology." International Organization 63(4): 701-31.
  52. GADAMER, HANS-GEORG. 1998. Praise of Theory. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
  53. GALLIE, WALTER BRYCE. 1956. "Essentially Contested Concepts." Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 56: 167-220.
  54. GIDDENS, ANTHONY. 1984. The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  55. GONG, GERRIT W. 1984. The Standard of Civilization in International Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  56. GRUFFYDD JONES, BRANWEN, ed. 2006. Decolonising International Relations. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
  57. GUILLAUME, XAVIER. 2011. International Relations and Identity: A Dialogical Approach. London: Routledge.
  58. GUZZINI, STEFANO. 2013. "The Ends of International Relations Theory: Stages of Reflexivity and Modes of Theorizing." European Journal of International Relations 19(3): 521-41.
  59. HEIDEGGER, MARTIN. 1954. Was heißt denken? Tu ¨bingen: Martin Niemeyer.
  60. HELLMANN GUNTHER, FRIEDRICH KRATOCHWIL, YOSEF LAPID, ANDREW MORAVCSIK, IVER B. NEUMANN, STEVE SMITH, FRANK, AND HARVEY, JOEL COBB. 2003. "Are Dialogue and Synthesis Possible in International Relations?" International Studies Review 5(1): 123-53.
  61. GUNTHER HELLMANN, HELENA RYTO ¨VUORI-APUNEN, JO ¨RG FRIEDRICHS, RUDRA SIL, MARKUS KORNPROBST, AND PATRICK THADDEUS JACKSON. 2009. "Pragmatism and International Relations." International Studies Review 11(3): 638-62.
  62. HERBORTH, BENJAMIN. 2013. "Methodologische Aufkl€ arung? Perspektiven Rekonstruktiver Weltpolitikforschung." In Rekonstruktive Weltpolitikforschung, edited by Ulrich Franke and Ulrich Roos, 349-70. Baden-Baden: Nomos.
  63. HOBSON, JOHN M. 2007. "Is Critical Theory Always for the White West and for Western Imperialism?" Review of International Studies 33(S1): 91-116.
  64. ---. 2012. The Eurocentric Conception of World Politics: Western International Theory, 1760-2010. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  65. HOFFMANN, STANLEY. 1977. "An American Social Science: International Relations." Daedalus 106: 41-60.
  66. HOLLIS, MARTIN, AND STEVE. SMITH 1990. Explaining and Understanding International Relations. Oxford, UK: Clarendon.
  67. HOLSTI, KALEVI J. 1985. The Dividing Discipline: Hegemony and Diversity in International Theory. Winchester: Allen and Unwin.
  68. ---. 2010. "Exceptionalism in American Foreign Policy: Is It Exceptional?" European Journal of International Relations 17(3): 381-404.
  69. HOPF, TED. 2002. Social Construction of International Politics: Identities and Foreign Policies, Moscow, 1955 and 1999. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
  70. HORVATH, AGNES, BJøRN THOMASSEN, AND HARALD WYDRA. 2015. "Introduction. Liminality and the Search for Boundaries." In Breaking Boundaries. Varieties of Liminality, edited by Agnes Horvath, Bjørn Thomassen, and Harald Wydra, 1-8. Oxford: Berghahn.
  71. HUTCHINGS, KIMBERLY. 2011. "Dialogue between Whom? The Role of the West/Non-West Distinction in Promoting Global Dialogue in IR." Millennium: Journal of International Studies 39(3): 639-47.
  72. INAYATULLAH, NAEEM, AND DAVID BLANEY. 2004. International Relations and the Problem of Difference. London: Routledge.
  73. INOGUCHI, TAKASHI. 2007. "Are There Any Theories of International Relations in Japan?" International Relations of the Asia-Pacific 7(3): 369-90.
  74. JACKSON, PATRICK T. 2011. The Conduct of Inquiry in International Relations: Philosophy of Science and its Implications for the Study of World Politics. London: Routledge.
  75. JACKSON, PATRICK T., AND DANIEL NEXON. 1999. "Relations before States: Substance, Process and the Study of World Politics." European Journal of International Relations 5(3): 291-332.
  76. JEACLE, INGRID, AND CHRIS CARTER. 2011. "In TripAdvisor We Trust." Accounting, Organizations and Society 36(4-5): 293-309.
  77. JENCO, LEIGH. 2007. "'What Does Heaven Ever Say?' A Methods-Centered Approach to Cross-Cultural Engagement." American Political Science Review 101(4): 741-55.
  78. ---. 2015. Changing Referents: Learning across Space and Time in China and the West. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  79. JIME ´NEZ, ALBERTO CORSI ´N. 2003. "On Space as a Capacity." Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 9(1): 137-53.
  80. JOAS, HANS. 1992. Die Kreativit€ at des Handelns. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.
  81. JøRGENSEN, KNUD ERIK. 2000. "Continental IR Theory: The Best Kept Secret." European Journal of International Relations 6(1): 9-42.
  82. ---. 2003. "Towards a Six Continents Social Science: International Relations." Journal of International Relations and Development 6(4): 330-43.
  83. ---. 2014. "After Hegemony in International Relations, or, the Persistent Myth of American Disciplinary Hegemony." European Review of International Studies 1(1): 57-64.
  84. ---. 2017. "Would 100 Global Workshops on Theory Building Make a Difference?" All Azimuth: A Journal of Foreign Policy and Peace.
  85. JøRGENSEN, KNUD ERIK, AND TONNY BREMS KNUDSEN, eds. 2006. International Relations in Europe: Traditions, Perspectives and Destinations. London: Routledge.
  86. JøRGENSEN, KNUD ERIK, AND MORTEN VALBJøRN. 2012. "Four Dialogues and the Funeral of a Beautiful Relationship: European Studies and New Regionalism." Cooperation & Conflict 47(1): 3-27.
  87. JøRGENSEN, KNUD ERIK, AND RUBEN WONG. 2015. "Social Constructivist Perspectives on China-EU Relations." In China, the European Union, and International Politics of Global Governance, edited by Jianwei Wang and Weiqing Song, 51-74. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  88. KAISER, KARL. 1971. "Transnational Politics: Toward a Theory of Multinational Politics." International Organization 25(4): 790-817.
  89. KATZENSTEIN, PETER J., ed. 2009. Civilizations in World Politics: Plural and Pluralist Perspectives. London: Routledge.
  90. KEENE, EDWARD. 2002. Beyond the Anarchical Society: Grotius, Colonialism and Order in World Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  91. KEOHANE, ROBERT O. 1988. "International Institutions: Two Approaches." International Studies Quarterly 32(4): 379-96.
  92. KORAB-KARPOWICZ, W. JULIAN. 2013. "Political Realism in International Relations." The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, April 2. Accessed December 20, 2016. http://ow.ly/IEOBG.
  93. KRATOCHWIL, FRIEDRICH. 2007. "Re-Thinking the 'Inter' in International Politics." Millennium: Journal of International Studies 35(3): 495-511.
  94. KRISTENSEN, PETER MARCUS. 2015. "Revisiting the 'American Social Science': Mapping the Geography of International Relations." International Studies Perspectives 16 (3): 246-69.
  95. KUHN, THOMAS S. 1990. "Dubbing and Redubbing: The Vulnerability of Rigid Designation." In Scientific Theories, edited by C. W. Savage, 198-218. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  96. ---. 1996. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  97. LAKATOS, IMRE. 1970. "Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes." In Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge, edited by Imre Lakatos and Alan Musgrave, 91-195. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  98. LAKE, DAVID A. 2008. "The New American Empire?" International Studies Perspectives 9(3): 281-89.
  99. LANGAN, MARK. 2015. "Budget Support and Africa-European Union Relations: Free Market Reform and Neo-Colonialism?" European Journal of International Relations 21(1): 101-21.
  100. LAPID, YOSEF. 1996. "Culture's Ship: Returns and Departures in International Relations Theory." In The Return of Culture and Identity in IR Theory, edited by Yosef Lapid and Friedrich Kratochwil, 3-20. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
  101. LING, L. H. M. 2007. "Said's Exile: Strategic Insights for Postcolonial Feminists." Millennium: Journal of International Studies 36(1): 135-45.
  102. LINKLATER, ANDREW. 2011. The Problem of Harm in World Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  103. M € ALKSOO, MARIA. 2012. "The Challenge of Liminality for International Relations Theory." Review of International Studies 38(2): 481-94.
  104. MALLAVARAPU, SIDDARTH. 2010. "Development of International Relations Theory in India: Traditions, Contemporary Perspectives and Trajectories." International Studies 46(1-2): 165-83.
  105. MANDAVILLE, PETER. 2001. Transnational Muslim Politics: Reimagining the Umma. London: Routledge.
  106. ---. 2003. "Toward a Different Cosmopolitanism-Or, the 'I' Dislocated." Global Society 17(2): 209-21.
  107. MANNHEIM, KARL. 1985. Ideology & Utopia. An Introduction to the Sociology of Knowledge. San Diego, CA: Harcourt.
  108. MAYALL, JAMES. 2011. "Non-Western International Relations Theory." International Relations of the Asia- Pacific 11(2): 331-35.
  109. MITCHELL, TIMOTHY. 2003. "Deterritorialization and the Crises of Social Science." In Localizing Knowledge in a Globalizing World: Recasting the Area Studies Debate, edited by Ali Mirsepassi, Amrita Basu, Frederick Weave. 148-70. New York: Syracuse University Press.
  110. MOURITZEN, HANS. 1997. "Kenneth Waltz: A Critical Rationalist between International Politics and Foreign Policy." In The Future of International Relations. Masters in the Making?, edited by Iver B. Neumann and Ole Waever, 71-95. London: Routledge.
  111. NEUMANN, IVER B. 2012. "Introduction to the Forum on Liminality." Review of International Studies 38(2): 473-79.
  112. NIELSEN, RAS T., AND PETER M. KRISTENSEN. 2014. "'You Need to Do Something That the Westerners Cannot Understand: The Innovation of a Chinese School of IR." In Chinese Politics and International Relations, edited by Nicola Horsburgh, Astrid Nordin, and Shaun Breslin, 97-118. London: Routledge.
  113. ONYSZKIEWICZ, JANUSZ. 2015. "Putin's Russia: An Empire That Wants to Be a Civilization." European Leadership Network, March 2. Accessed December 20, 2016. http://ow.ly/AAeh304s0HP.
  114. OSTERHAMMEL, J € URGEN. 2009. Die Verwandlung der Welt. Munich: C. H. Beck.
  115. PAN, ZHONGQI. 2012. Conceptual Gaps in China-EU Relations: Global Governance, Human Rights and Strategic Partnerships. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
  116. PETITO, FABIO. 2011. "In Defence of Dialogue of Civilisations." Millennium: Journal of International Studies 39(3): 759-79.
  117. PETTMAN, RALPH. 2005. "Taoism and the Concept of Global Security." International Relations of the Asia- Pacific 5(1): 59-83.
  118. PRICE, LUCIEN. 1954. Dialogues of Alfred North Whitehead. New York: Mentor.
  119. PR € UGL, ELISABETH. 2012. "Feminism and the Figure of Man." International Studies Review 14(4): 656-60.
  120. PYE, LUCIEN W. 1992. The Spirit of Chinese Politics. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  121. QIN, YAQING. 2011. "Rule, Rules, and Relations: Towards a Synthetic Approach to Governance." Chinese Journal of International Politics 4(2): 117-45.
  122. ---. 2016. "A Relational Theory of World Politics." International Studies Review 18(1): 33-47.
  123. QUINE, WILLARD VAN ORMAN. 1960. Word and Object. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  124. QUTB, SAYYID. 2006. Milestones. New Delhi: Islamic Book Service.
  125. RADTKE, FRANK-OLAF. 2011. Kulturen sprechen nicht. Hamburg: Hamburger Edition.
  126. RORTY, RICHARD. 1982. Consequences of Pragmatism. Essays: 1972-1980. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  127. ---. 1989. Irony, Contingency and Solidarity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  128. RO ¨SCH, FELIX, AND ATSUKO WATANABE. 2016. "Approaching the Unsynthesizable in International Politics: Giving Substance to Security Discourses Through basso ostinato?" European Journal of International Relations. doi: 10.1177/1354066116656764. Published electronically July 13.
  129. ROSENAU, JAMES N. 1990. Turbulence in World Politics: A Theory of Change and Continuity. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  130. RUGGIE, JOHN G. 1992. "Multilateralism: The Anatomy of an Institution." International Organization 46(3): 561-98.
  131. ---. 2004a. "Reconstituting the Global Public Domain-Issues, Actors, and Practices." European Journal of International Relations 10(4): 499-531.
  132. ---. 2004b. "American Exceptionalism, Exemptionalism and Global Governance." KSG Working Paper No. RWP04-006. Accessed December 20, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.517642.
  133. RUMELILI, BAHAR. 2003. "Liminality and Perpetuation of Conflicts: Turkish-Greek Relations in the Context of Community-Building by the EU." European Journal of International Relations 9(2): 213-48.
  134. SAPIO, JOSEPH DE. 2013. "Transient Communities: Travel, Knowledge, and the Victorian Railway Carriage, 1840-90." Mobilities 8(2): 201-19.
  135. SCHMIDT, BRIAN C. 2002. "On the History and Historiography of International Relations." In Handbook of International Relations, edited by Walter Carlsnaes, Thomas Risse, and Beth A. Simmons, 3-22. London: Sage.
  136. SHANI, GIORGIO. 2008. "Toward a Post-Western IR: The Umma, Khalsa Panth, and Critical International Relations Theory." International Studies Review 10(4): 722-34.
  137. SHEIKH, MONA KANWAL. 2015. "Sociotheology: The Significance of Religious Worldviews." In Nations under God, edited by Luke M. Herrington, Alasdair McKay, and Jeffrey Haynes, 134-43. Bristol: E- International Relations.
  138. SHIH, CHIH-YU, AND JIWU YIN. 2013. "Between Core National Interest and a Harmonious World: Reconciling Self-Role Conceptions in Chinese Foreign Policy." Chinese Journal of International Politics 6(1): 59-84.
  139. SHLAPENTOKH, DMITRY. 2007. "Dugin's Eurasianism: A Window on the Minds of the Russian Elite or an Intellectual Ploy?" Studies in East European Thought 59(3): 215-36.
  140. SIL, RUDRA, AND PETER J. KATZENSTEIN. 2010. Beyond Paradigms: Analytical Eclecticism in the Study of World Politics. Chicago, IL: Palgrave Macmillan.
  141. SJOBERG, LAURA. 2012. "Toward Trans-Gendering International Relations?" International Political Sociology 6(4): 337-54.
  142. SYLVESTER, CHRISTINE. 2002. Feminist International Relations: An Unfinished Journey. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  143. THOMAS, CAROLINE, AND PETER WILKIN. 2004. "Still Waiting after All These Years: 'The Third World' on the Periphery of International Relations." British Journal of Politics and International Relations 6(2): 241-58.
  144. THOMASSEN, BJøRN. 2009. "The Uses and Meanings of Liminality." International Political Anthropology 2(1): 5-27.
  145. ---. 2012. "Revisiting Liminality." In Liminal Landscapes: Travel, Experience and Spaces In-between, edited by Hazel Andrews and Les Roberts, 21-35. London: Routledge.
  146. TICKNER, ARLENE B. 2003. "Seeing IR Differently: Notes from the Third World." Millennium: Journal of International Studies 32(2): 295-324.
  147. TICKNER, ARLENE B., AND DAVID L. BLANEY, eds. 2012. Thinking International Relations Differently. London: Routledge.
  148. TICKNER, ARLENE B., AND OLE WAEVER, eds. 2009. International Relations Scholarship Around the World. London: Routledge.
  149. TICKNER, J. ANN. 1997. "You Just Don't Understand: Troubled Engagements Between Feminists and IR Theorists." International Studies Quarterly 41(4): 611-32.
  150. ---. 2011. "Dealing with Difference: Problems and Possibilities for Dialogue in International Relations." Millennium: Journal of International Studies 39(3): 607-18.
  151. TRENIN, DMITRI. 2011. Post-Imperium: A Eurasian Story. Washington, DC: Carnegie.
  152. TSYGANKOV, ANDREI. 2008. "Self and Other in International Relations Theory: Learning from Russian Civilizational Debates." International Studies Review 10(4): 762-75.
  153. TURTON, HELEN. 2016. International Relations and American Dominance: A Diverse Discipline. London: Routledge.
  154. VALBJøRN, MORTEN. 2004. "Toward a 'Mesopotamian Turn': Disciplinarity and the Study of the International Relations of the Middle East." Journal of Mediterranean Studies 14(1-2): 47-75.
  155. ---. 2008. "Before, During and After the Cultural Turn. A 'Baedeker' to IR's Cultural Journey." International Review of Sociology 18(1): 55-82.
  156. VAN HERPEN, MARCEL H. 2014. Putin's Wars: The Rise of Russia's New Imperialism. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
  157. VRASTI, WANDA. 2008. "The Strange Case of Ethnography and International Relations." Millennium: Journal of International Studies 37(2): 279-301.
  158. WAEVER, OLE. 1998. "The Sociology of a Not So International Discipline: American and European Developments in International Relations." International Organization 52(4): 687-727.
  159. ---. 2009. "Waltz's Theory of Theory." International Relations 23(2): 201-22.
  160. WALLERSTEIN, IMMANUEL. 1974. The Modern World-System. London: Academic.
  161. WALT, STEPHEN. 1998. "International Relations: One World, Many Theories." Foreign Policy 110: 29-46.
  162. WALTZ, KENNETH N. 1979. Theory of International Politics. Reading: Addison-Wesley.
  163. WELDES JUTTA, MARK LAFFEY, HUGH GUSTERSON, AND RAYMOND DUVALL. 1999. "Introduction: Constructing Insecurity." In The Cultures of Insecurity: States, Communities, and the Production of Danger, edited by Jutta Weldes, Mark Laffey, Hugh Gusterson, and Raymond Duvall, 1-33. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  164. WENDT, ALEXANDER E. 1987. "The Agent-Structure Problem in International Relations Theory." International Organization 41(3): 335-70.
  165. WITTGENSTEIN, LUDWIG. 1958. Philosophical Investigations. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell.
  166. XINNING, SONG. 2001. "Building International Relations Theory with Chinese Characteristics." Journal of Contemporary China 10(26): 61-74.
  167. YOM, SEAN, AND MOHAMMAD H. AL-MOMANI. 2008. "The International Dimensions of Authoritarian Regime Stability: Jordan in the Post-Cold War Era." Arab Studies Quarterly 30(1): 39-60.