Geographies of Organized Hate in America: A Regional Analysis (original) (raw)
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A Geographical Analysis of Socioeconomic and Ideological Drivers of Hate Crime in the United States
International Journal of Applied Geospatial Research, 2021
Criminal activities motivated by hate are the most extreme form of bias against people. While hating a class of people and organizing in hate groups to express feelings against those people are not illegal, hate crimes, violent and non-violent, are illegal. However, there remains much to be learned about geographic patterns of hate crimes and facilitating environments. This exploratory research examines hate crime occurrences aggregated to counties in the conterminous United States and attempts to explain resulting patterns using socioeconomic and ideological correlates with traditional and spatial statistics. Geographical patterns of hate crimes in the Unites States are found to be a complicated phenomenon.
Mapping crime – Hate crimes and hate groups in the USA: A spatial analysis with gridded data
Applied Geography, 2019
From time to time the popular media draws attention to hate crimes and hate groups, evoking images of Nazi-Germany and the rise of fascism. The geographic association between hate groups and hate crimes is uncertain. In this research we ask whether hate crimes are co-located and correlated to the presence of hate groups to explore a potential association between these two phenomena. Publicly available point level data on hate crimes and hate groups collected by the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) were aggregated to unitary framework of hexagonal grid cells of a Discrete Global Grid System (DGGS) at multiple scales for consistent analysis. We explore the effects of proximity by interpreting a co-location map, deploying a Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) for count data, and apply a Spatial Lag Model (SLM) at multiple scales, to ascertain the effects of the size of the aggregation units on the relationship between hate groups and hate crimes. Controlled or uncontrolled for spatial dependence, at all scales, the Spatial Lag Model (SLM) shows that an average of 39.5% of the hate crimes was correlated with hate groups. These results are consistent with the existing research but show that in most instances spatial dependence was present, regardless of the size of the aggregation unit or the distance to neighboring cells. Our future research will consider additional racial, economic and social variables using a DGGS.
RESUMEN Los Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG) pueden ser utilizados para identificar y enfocar la prevención y promoción de servicios a aquellos que más lo necesitan. Un proyecto de violencia familiar en Nuevo México en los Estados Unidos, usa ArcGIS de ESRI para localizar y llegar a las poblaciones de alto riesgo en las áreas rurales. Usando información del Sistema Judicial de incidentes de violencia familiar, estamos localizando en mapas los áreas que tienen altos niveles de violencia familiar, en los cuales son enfocados los esfuerzos de prevención y promoción de servicios. Una promoción de servicios enfocada ayuda a maximizar recursos limitados y asegura que las poblaciones de alto riesgo son alcanzadas. INTRODUCCION Proveer educación sobre violencia doméstica en áreas rurales ha sido un reto continuo para los proveedores de servicios. Cubrir grandes áreas con poblaciones dispersas requiere de una inversión costosa y significante en tiempo, comparado con las áreas urbanas...
2010
Social segregation in urban areas is a phenomenon with distinct spatial patterns. It is influenced by differences in socio-economic (e.g. income) and environmental (e.g. share of green space) factors. Since these influential factors vary in their intensity throughout space it is important to identify and to analyse the spatial patterns of these influencing factors in order to develop adequate coping strategies. Analysis of spatial autocorrelation, cluster analysis and geographically weighted regression may give new insights into spatial patterns and processes of the social segregation context in urban areas (Cahill & Mulligan 2007). In contrast to traditional global statistical regression analyses such as logistic regression or ordinary least square analyses spatial processes are addressed in this study in their very distinct behaviour using geographically weighted regressions (Brunsdon et al. 1998). The aim of this paper is to explore spatial patterns and underlying processes of so...
The social spatial segregation in the cities of Latin America
IDB Publications, 2006
The cities offer Latin America and the Caribbean their best opportunity for economic and social development. Aside from concentrating on more than two thirds of the population, it is estimated that urban activities will generate more than 75% of the expected growth of the Gross Domestic Product in the next two decades. Therefore, in order to improve the competitiveness of economic activities in national and global markets, it is necessary to not only maintain healthy economic policies and eliminate commerce barriers, but also to improve the cities' abilities to provide an efficient platform to support the establishment and development of many types of companies. Adequate provision of infrastructure and good living conditions, factors attracting skilled labor and industrialists to the cities, are crucial initiatives of local economic development, yet they are not sufficient. Access to well-paying jobs and good urban services are critical in order to increase the populations' opportunities to live according to their desires and values. Yet, true social development will not occur unless concrete measures are taken to remove other barriers, including spatial segregation of the poorest households and ethnic or cultural discrimination. Social inclusion and economic development are equally important in reducing violence and other antisocial behaviors. In summary, a more inclusive city is a more productive city, encouraging growing markets for local products and services, thus contributing to the acceleration of economic growth. This document analyzes the first of the barriers mentioned above, spatial segregation of the poorest households. It discusses the characteristics and trends of residential segregation in the cities of Latin America, its causes and consequences, the state of research in this field and the policies that could control spatial segregation. The document emphasizes the fact that segregation is a complex phenomenon with some positive dimensions from the perspective of the social policies, as it could help improve their targeting and efficiency. The negative dimensions of the phenomenon are also identified, such as social stigmatization of the low-income or minority-occupied neighborhoods. These considerations are important in the implementation of one of the central proposals of the Bank's Social Development Strategy, which advocates the coordination of policies and programs in the territory. 1 I hope the publication of this study helps disseminate the available knowledge of this phenomenon to public policy managers and Bank staff, contributing to improve the design and execution of territorially centered social development policies and programs.
Geographies of Violence: A Spatial Analysis of Five Types of Homicide in Brazil's Municipalities
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2015
Objectives: Examine the spatial distribution of five types of homicide across Brazil's 5,562 municipalities and test the effects of family disruption, marginalization, poverty-reduction programs, environmental degradation, and the geographic diffusion of violence. Methods: Cluster analysis and spatial error, spatial lag, and geographically-weighted regressions. Results: Maps visualize clusters of high and low rates of different types of homicide. Core results from spatial regressions show that some predictors have uniform or stationary effects across all units, while other predictors have uneven, non-stationary effects. Among stationary effects, family disruption has a harmful effect across all types of homicide except femicide, and environmental degradation has a harmful effect, increasing the rates of femicide, gun-related, youth, and nonwhite homicides. Among non-stationary effects, marginalization has a harmful effect across all measures of homicide but poses the greatest danger to nonwhite populations in the northern part of Brazil; the poverty-reduction program Bolsa Família has a protective, negative effect for most types of homicides, especially for gun-related, youth, and nonwhite homicides. Lastly, homicide in nearby communities increases the likelihood of homicide in one's home community, and this holds across all types of homicide. The diffusion effect also varies across geographic areas; the danger posed by nearby violence is strongest in the Amazon region and in a large section of the eastern coast. Conclusions: Findings help identify the content of violence-reduction policies, how to prioritize different components of these policies, and how to target these policies by type of homicide and geographic area for maximum effect. RESUMO Objetivos: Examinar a distribuição espacial de cinco tipos de homicídio em 5562 municípios brasileiros e testar o efeito de desagregação familiar, marginalização, programas de redução da pobreza, degradação ambiental e a difusão geográfica da violência. Métodos: Análise de clusters, modelo espacial autoregressivo (spatial lag), modelo de erro espacial (spatial error) e regressão geográfica ponderada (geographically weighted regression) Resultados: Mapas identificam clusters de alta e baixa taxa de diferentes tipos de homicídio. Os resultados principais das regressões espaciais mostram que algumas variáveis independentes têm efeitos uniformes e estacionários ao longo de todos os municípios, enquanto outras variáveis independentes possuem efeitos não uniformes e não estacionários. Entre as variáveis com efeito estacionário, desagregação familiar possui efeito nocivo para todos os tipos de homicídio, exceto femicídios, e degradação ambiental tem efeito prejudicial, aumentando as taxas de femicídio, homicídios com o uso de armas, homicídios de jovens e de não brancos. Entre variáveis com efeitos não estacionários, marginalização tem efeito prejudicial para todos os tipos de homicídio, mas representa maiores riscos para não brancos no Nordeste do Brasil; o programa Bolsa Família tem efeito protetor, reduzindo a maioria dos tipos de homicídio, especialmente relacionados a armas, jovens e não brancos. Por fim, homicídios em comunidades próximas aumentam a probabilidade de homicídios em uma determinada comunidade, o que vale para todos os tipos de homicídio. O efeito de difusão também varia em diferentes áreas: o perigo representado pela violência próxima é mais forte na região amazônica e na costa leste. Conclusões: Os resultados ajudam a identificar o conteúdo de políticas de redução da violência, como priorizar diferentes componentes dessas políticas e como direcionar essas políticas por tipo de homicídio e área geográfica para um máximo efeito.
Revista Criminalidad, 2020
Son variados los estudios que intentan explicar la violencia en las ciudades latinoamericanas, la mayoría abordados desde un único campo disciplinar como la sociología o la criminología. El presente artículo intenta, desde la perspectiva de la complejidad, aportar herramientas que permitan comprender las dinámicas de la violencia en los contextos urbanos. El carácter del estudio es cuantitativo; este es un caso de estudio que compara los homicidios de dos ciudades intermedias colombianas. Para ello se procesó la base de datos que recopila la Policía Nacional de Colombia por medio de su sistema estadístico, se espacializaron los datos de la ventana temporal 2010- 2016, se crearon mapas hotspots donde se evidenció la distribución de los homicidios en ciertos sectores de las ciudades estudiadas y, fi nalmente, se realizaron métricas topológicas que permitieron visualizar patrones de estos eventos violentos. Entre los hallazgos importantes que se obtuvieron con esta Metodología están (1...
PROJECT DESCRIPTION: Spatial-Econometric Models for Political & Social Sciences
The interdependence of outcomes across units of observation, spatial interdependence, is substantively ubiquitous and theoretically quite central across the social sciences. Empirically, the clustering or correlation of outcomes on some dimension(s), spatial association, is also obvious in most contexts. However, outcomes may evidence spatial association for at least two distinct reasons. Units may be responding similarly to similar exposure to similar exogenous internal/domestic or external/foreign stimuli (common exposure), or units' responses may depend on others' responses (interdependence, or contagion). We may find states' adoptions of some economic treaty, e.g., to cluster geographically or along other dimensions of proximity, e.g., bilateral trade-volume, because proximate states experience similar exogenous domestic or foreign political-economic stimuli or because each state's decision to sign depends on whether proximate others sign. The theories and policy implications that these alternative sources of spatial association support obviously differ starkly.