The Chilean adobe as a seismic vernacular technology, the study of the “Norte Chico” zone (original) (raw)
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ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 2020
The 2017 Puebla Earthquake on 19 September struck a big part of central Mexico causing the loss of historic buildings in several states, being the state of Morelos one of the most damaged in the whole country. Jojutla de Juarez was the most affected locality of Morelos presenting important structural damages or total collapse in the built heritage, being the traditional earthen buildings, made of adobe bricks, the most vulnerable buildings to seismic efforts. Some of the causes which contributed to the poor behaviour of the buildings were the improper handling of the constructive systems and materials, the insufficient resistance of the structures and the problems with the foundations. The adobe houses of Jojutla presented a mixture between the traditional building techniques and industrial materials like concrete, cement and steel; also with irregular heights and plant layouts and inadequate connections between the walls and foundations and roofs, resulting into a higher seismic vulnerability when the earthquake impacted. Also the adobe bricks presented irregularities in its composition and use of additives which resulted in completely different typologies and the loss of the traditional construction techniques. A study was conducted to determine the properties of the remains of the adobe bricks of the houses in Jojutla, considering that the structures were severely damaged and a whole study of the seismic vulnerability would not be convenient due the loss of the physical traditional buildings. The grain size and composition of the adobe samples of the buildings were determined as well as the natural aggregates like straw, sand, and its proportion. A colorimetric study of the adobes and clays was also conducted, analysing the change of colour on account of the aggregates in the bricks. Also the compressive strength of the pieces was tested with two methods: the compression test and the point-load test, in order to obtain the indicative values which could be compared to other patrimonial and vernacular study cases.
Seismic vulnerability of historical adobe buildings in the coast of Peru
Structural Studies, Repairs and Maintenance of Heritage Architecture XI, 2009
This paper attempts to describe the structural conditions of the historical adobe buildings that are located in the coast of Peru, which is a zone of high seismic activity. The seismicity of the zone is discussed through an earthquake hazard analysis and the importance of action towards the protection of heritage architecture is emphasized. It is noted that the state of general disrepair and the intrinsic weakness of the earthen constructions add to the seismic vulnerability of this kind of heritage architecture. Besides, the repair after actual damage or destruction from earthquakes, even when timely undertaken, may lead to alteration of the valuable originality of heritage structures, owing to the unavailability of materials or skill from the time of the original constructions. The need for initiatives towards preventive actions for protection from damages and prevention of collapse due to earthquake disasters appears quite evident.
Assessment of seismic performance of adobe structures in Pakistan and Portugal
Adobe buildings exist in different parts of the world. The construction of these buildings can be carried out economically, using locally available materials and skills that do not require use of modern machinery. Therefore, adobe buildings provide an economic housing option. The construction of adobe structures is carried out based on traditional construction practices which vary from region to region. This paper presents the results of a study which was conducted to study the construction practices of adobe buildings in Pakistan and Portugal in the context of their seismic vulnerability. The adobe buildings in both these countries were found to be subjected to seismic hazard levels which, although is low in some regions, may cause significant damages. Lack of essential elements or details for the adequate seismic performance was found in the adobe buildings in both regions.
Builders in pre-hispanic peruvian Andes: Analytical approaches to knowledge their seismic resistant
For a long time in Peru ago and the world has been taking an analytical look at the constructions built with techniques originating in each region of the world, despite the time elapsed still appear the same choices between those who despise knowledge formed in architecture and engineering , which is our area of study , and instead want to learn about it and investigated. The seismic-resistant is an ancient knowledge in Peru since 5000 years until be interrupted by the European conquest in the sixteenth century. In this work will be a compilation of some techniques used that we have contributed to the good earthquake-resistant performance of the monumental structures. The constructive analyzed technologies were: a system for containment of constructive landfills, technologies specialized in the construction of walls of adobe, analysis of the masonry Inca, etc. Earth, vegetable fibers, stone, mud bricks, rammed earth, etc. They are some of the elements used by the ancient engineers and architects , this knowledge resistant earthquake was done without losing your style to constructing with a excellent development the architectural spaces.
CHILEAN EARTHEN BUILDING CULTURES. LOCAL STRATEGIES OF ENVIRONMENTAL ADAPTATION
In Proceedings Earth USA 2013, p. 102-107, ISBN: 978-0-9824660-3-2, 2013
In two thirds of the Chilean territory, traditional architecture is built with raw earth, both in rural and urban areas, from the extreme north (lat.18°S) to the beginning of rainy regions in the south (lat. 36°S), so, between the latitudes where the climate is dry and arid. There, due to the environmental and cultural differences in such a long territory as Chile is, the use of one single material gave born to different earthen building cultures. The earth, the most abundant material in northern and central Chile, was shaped by different hands in different times and contexts, from the indigenous inhabitants of the Andean Plateau and the Atacama Desert, the Spanish conquistadors in the central regions, to the European immigrants in the urban centers as Santiago and Valparaiso, giving rise to a technological variety that is the tangible testimony of the different cultures that coexisted in Chile.
Analysis of seismic design criteria of Santo Domingo Church, a Colonial Heritage of Santiago, Chile
Revista de la Construcción, 2017
Santo Domingo church is analyzed as part of a broader research with the goal of reporting earthquake-resistant features in the masonry architectural heritage of the historic center of Santiago, Chile. Considering that Chile is one of the most seismic countries in the world, it is interesting how some historic buildings built between the XVI and the XVIII century still remain, despite construction with vulnerable building techniques such as unreinforced masonry. Among those buildings, Santo Domingo church is the only one built in stone ashlar and one of the few that has never suffered strong structural damages after earthquakes. Built between 1747 and 1771, this church has withstood around 11 earthquakes of magnitude over 7 without serious mechanical failures. Constructive and structural characteristics of Santo Domingo Church are assessed through historical research, field analysis and tests, damage assessments and finite element analysis. This analysis identifies early earthquake-resistant design criteria of the church, and determines vulnerable areas and their behavior during the last seismic events. Resumen El análisis de la iglesia de Santo Domingo forma parte de una investigación mayor, cuyo objetivo fue descubrir las estrategias de diseño sismorresistente presentes en el patrimonio arquitectónico construido en albañilería del centro histórico de Santiago. Considerando que Chile es uno de los países más sísmicos del mundo, es interesante constatar cómo algunos edificios históricos construidos entre los siglos XVI y XVIII aún existan, a pesar de haber sido construidos con técnicas vulnerables como lo son las albañilerías sin refuerzos. Entre aquellos edificios, la iglesia de Santo Domingo es la única construida en sillería de piedra y una de las pocas que nunca ha presentado daños estructurales severos durante los terremotos. La actual iglesia, construida entre 1747 y 1771, ha soportado alrededor de 11 terremotos sobre magnitud 7 sin presentar mecanismos de daño serios. A través de una investigación histórica, trabajo de campo y realización de ensayos, evaluación de daños y análisis de elementos finitos, las características constructivas y estructurales de la iglesia han sido determinadas. El análisis ha permitido identificar los tempranos criterios de diseño sismorresistente de la iglesia, así como determinar sus áreas vulnerables y su comportamiento durante los últimos eventos sísmicos.
Chile is one of the most seismic countries in the world, constantly trembling due to its location in the so-called "Ring of Fire", an area composed of several tectonic plates which remain in constant friction and tension where earthquakes and eruptions of volcanoes frequently occur. In the case of Chile, the Oceanic or Nazca plate subduces under the South American continental plate, meaning that, as the marine crust is denser it penetrates under the less dense one due to its weight; being this area a zone of encounter where the earthquakes or tectonic earthquakes occur. The speed between plates is on the order of 8 to 10 centimeters per year and the movement is not regular, but unpredictable (Cisternas, 2001). Depending on the strength, deformation and the place of encounter between the two plates, the earthquakes can be classified under: Interplate, Outer-rise, Oceanic intraplate, or Continental intraplate (CSN, U. Chile). Most earthquakes recorded, with a significant magnitude in Chile, are under the type of Inter-plate; which are caused when the net force of the plate is greater than the friction that tends to block the subduction. Therefore, when it is able to move, the earthquake is generated and its magnitude is consequently proportional to that movement. It is useful to note that, when the phenomenon generates a rupture in the ocean floor, tsunamis occur. Dramatic examples are the case of the earthquake in the city of Valdivia which happened in the year 1960 with a magnitude 9,5 Mw; where the contact between the plates moved 25 meters along that translated in a The relative value of the architectural heritage in seismic hazardous countries: the Severín library (Valparaíso, Chile). ABSTRACT: In Chile, the value of the heritage concept is relative. The seismic reality has granted a condition of fragility to any architecture built. However, this quality requires a process of cultural adaptation, typological, materials, which has accelerated the search for new forms of construction for conservation. While the seismic hazard temporarily narrows the built, it develops technologically. The city of Valparaiso, declared a Historic-Cultural Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2003, was set as one of the main ports in the South Pacific since the opening of the route through Cabo de Hornos, establishing himself as one of the most important cities the country and getting itself to designate as the "Jewel of the Pacific". However, the city was not without disasters due to its location on the so-called "ring of fire", one of the areas with the greatest seismic hazard worldwide. The earthquake of August 1906 destroyed almost the entire sector into crisis Almendral all buildings of the time. The reconstruction plan, executed four months later, was an opportunity to change the techniques with a view to the Centenary of the Chilean Republic. The paper studies the case of Severín Library as one of the first neoclassical buildings, executed in the city, developed with the goal of being a landmark heritage building in the port city. Located opposite Victoria Square, it is designed by architects Renato Schiavon and Arnaldo Barison and executed in 1912 with techniques that allowed her vocation of continuity in time. Compound with classical elements but with a novel structural type, this building will be an equity benchmark for the time when it was built and by the objectives that originated it.
Seismic performance of adobe construction
Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure, 2017
Adobe buildings exist all over the world as these are economically constructed with cheaper earthen materials. This paper compares the construction practices of adobe buildings in Pakistan with those in other parts of the world. The data of adobe material properties available in the literature have been reviewed and compiled. The observed failure modes of the adobe buildings in Pakistan from recent earthquakes are correlated with those that have been documented in the literature. A review of numerical studies on the seismic behaviour of adobe structures from different parts of the world is carried out and their limitations are identified.
Adobe vernacular heritage in Colima, Mexico.pdf
The importance of this paper focuses on the development of architectural assessment of the typology of adobe buildings in Mexicali, Mexico, which has not been documented to this day; these buildings are largely abandoned because users feel unsafe living in an adobe house in a seismic zone. This assessment supports the patrimonial value, absent for this city´s building, which is highly related to the adequate behavior of these buildings in seismic events. The classification of these buildings supports their conservation because of their local singularity, but also in order to identify the components that have allowed adobe structures, with these characteristics, to have an adequate adaptation to local weather and seismic conditions.
Preventive Conservation of Vernacular Adobe Heritage Located in Seismic-Prone Regions
ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 2020
In general, relevant actions to retrofit heritage should be considered before the occurrence of earthquakes. This proactive approach is preferred, rather than a reactive approach in an emergency situation, following the earthquake. These preventive actions are known as disaster mitigation, risk mitigation, disaster risk management, seismic upgrading and preventive conservation. In the case of vernacular heritage, poor workmanship, lack of financial support, vast number of buildings, and the use of weak material lead to the need to conduct efforts to develop preventive conservation methods with relevant criteria. All these actions were directed to protecting vernacular heritage from multiple potential damages that could threaten this architecture in the future. In recent years, records of casualty and losses due to earthquakes reveal that seismic events can be one of the most destructive potential damages for building, especially if constructed with a weak material, such as adobe. There is little literature concerning preventive conservation of vernacular adobe buildings, which are at risk from earthquakes. Vernacular architecture needs more consideration due to the high number of vernacular dwellings worldwide but especially due to the inhabitants' safety. Failure to recall the effects of destructive earthquakes with a large recurrent period of seismic actions, but also economic reasons lead to the neglect of these important preventive solutions. The main objective of this paper is to emphasize that a comprehensive conservation procedure related to prevention of casualties and damage of vernacular adobe heritage located in seismic-prone regions, should consider relevant principles and criteria for the conservation of cultural heritage. In the field of preventive conservation of adobe vernacular heritage located in seismic-prone regions, there is some confusion concerning the relation between the conservation process and the seismic protection process; the importance and need of conservation principles in seismic protection procedures; and also the role of the architect and of the engineer in these processes. These matters will be discussed in the current paper.