Tendances actuelles dans la caractérisation des obsidiennes pour les études de provenance (original) (raw)
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L’obsidienne a été utilisée comme matière première de l’industrie lithique au cours de périodes préhistoriques. Ce matériau possède des propriétés spécifiques qui caractérisent son lieu d’origine. La rareté de ses sources et l’intérêt dont l’obsidienne a fait l’objet par le passé en font pour le préhistorien un marqueur remarquable d’échanges et de contacts humains à grande distance. Nous montrons les avantages relatifs, pour la détermination de la composition chimique, de l’analyse sous faisceau d’ions par PIXE -Particle Induced X-ray Emission-, qui permet des mesures non destructives, et par plasma couplé par induction : ICP-AES -Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry- et ICP-MS -Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry-, qui nécessitent des prélèvements réduits mais donnent accès à un large spectre d’éléments. En Amérique andine (Colombie, Equateur) où les données sur la circulation de l’obsidienne étaient encore très limitées, nous avons apporté des données nouvelles sur les sources et commencé l’exploitation (PIXE, ICP) de plusieurs collections de pièces archéologiques préhispaniques. Les mesures par ICP ont permis une caractérisation plus complète des sources de la région. Nos résultats constituent la base de données la plus détaillée disponible à ce jour. Au Proche-Orient (Syrie, Turquie), nous avons apporté des informations sur cinq sites néolithiques de la moyenne vallée de l’Euphrate (10 400-4 500 ans av. J.-C). Nos résultats ICP confirment la prééminence de la Cappadoce comme source d’obsidienne au cours de cette période et l’émergence d’apports d’Anatolie orientale. Ils montrent aussi la difficulté de discriminer entre elles, par leurs compositions, plusieurs sources anatoliennes. En raison des difficultés de distinction entre sources, nous avons proposé l’utilisation d’une double caractérisation -composition chimique/datation par traces de fission- pour l’ensemble Colombie/Equateur, et dans certains cas au Proche-Orient. Obsidian was used as a raw material for the lithic industry during prehistoric times. This material has specific properties allowing to identify its geological provenance. The rarity of obsidian sources and the interest of early men for obsidian make it one remarquable tracer of ancient exchanges and human contacts over large distances. We show the relative advantages, for chemical characterisation, of ion beam analyses by PIXE -Particle Induced X-ray Emission-, which allows non-destructive analysis and of Inductively Coupled Plasma, either as ICP-AES -Atomic Emission Spectrometry- and ICP-MS -Mass Spectrometry-, which need small samplings but allow the measurement of a large spectrum of elements. In an Andine area of South America (Colombia, Ecuador) where the knowledge on obsidian circulation was very limited, we brought new data on sources and started a PIXE and ICP study of several collections of prehispanic artefacts. ICP measurements allowed a more detailed characterisation of obsidian sources in this area. Our results constitute the most complete data base to date for this region. In the Near-East (Syria, Turkey), we brought informations on five néolithic sites of the middle Euphrate valley (10 400-4 500 years BC). Our ICP results confirm the pre-eminence of Cappadocia as an obsidian source during this period and the emergency of Eastern Anatolia contribution. They also show the difficulty of discriminating between some of these sources, when their chemical composition is the only parameter considered. Due to the difficulty of discrimination between sources, we proposed the use of a double characterisation -chemical composition/fission track dating- of all obsidian artefacts in Colombia and Ecuador, and for specific cases in the Near-East. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00315287
Nouvelles données sur la provenance de l'obsidienne des sites néolithiques du Sud-Est de la France
Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences. Série 2. Sciences de la terre et des planètes, 2000
New data on the provenance of obsidian from southeastern France Neolithic sites. We analyzed the chemical composition of 22 artifacts considered as obsidians by PIXE in non-destructive mode. The samples were collected from 11 Neolithic stations in southeastern France, between the Rhone valley and the northern Alps. One piece appeared not to be obsidian. Among the others, 20 came from a single source in Sardinia and one from an unknown source. These data confirm the importance of the Sardinian origin of the obsidian found in France, in particular for the Middle Neolithic. 0 2000 Acad6mie des sciences / iditions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS obsidian / PIXE / provenance / Neolithic / France
Obsidians are natural glasses wildly used in prehistoric lithic industry. We studied the structure by Raman spectroscopy of four obsidians representing calc-alkaline and peralkaline compositions. Silicate networks appear particularly well defined, remarkably polymerised even if various amounts of alkali allow one to establish various degrees of Structural signatures obtained are especially sensitive to compositional variations whereas heat treatments performed show a great stability of the vitreous structure. Micro-Raman spectroscopy also allowed us the mineralogical determination of many micro-inclusions, present however in a very vitreous obsidian. The parameters provided by Raman spectroscopy makes it possible to consider structural signatures applied to provenance studies.
Revue d'Archéométrie, 2003
Obsidians are natural glasses wildly used in prehistoric lithic industry. We studied the structure by Raman spectroscopy of four obsidians representing calc-alkaline and peralkaline compositions. Silicate networks appear particularly well defined, remarkably polymerised even if various amounts of alkali allow one to establish various degrees of Structural signatures obtained are especially sensitive to compositional variations whereas heat treatments performed show a great stability of the vitreous structure. Micro-Raman spectroscopy also allowed us the mineralogical determination of many micro-inclusions, present however in a very vitreous obsidian. The parameters provided by Raman spectroscopy makes it possible to consider structural signatures applied to provenance studies.
Observations sur l’industrie en obsidienne découverte à Șoimuș – La Avicola (Ferma 2) [2016]
2016
Rescue excavations in 2011 on the Deva‐Orăștie section of the A1 motorway brought to light a Turdaș‐type Neolithic site, with two occupation horizons. The first was characterized by sunken huts, and the second by surface dwellings that were part of a continuous destruction level comprising burnt daub, hearths, fragments of clay floors with an underlay of river boulders, postholes, and a very rich archaeological assemblage (including pottery, bones and lithics). The archaeological finds from the site are quite varied, comprising coarse and fine pottery, anthropomorphic and zoomorphic figurines, lithics and worked bone. Among the lithic industry, 25.45% is represented by obsidian artefacts, making this the largest such assemblage from a Romanian Neolithic site. Artefacts were produced using simple blade, bladelet or flake technique. Tools, which are quite varied, represent 15% of the assemblage. pXRF analysis of obsidian artefacts from the site shows that the obsidian originated in the Carpathian 1 source area in southeast Slovakia.