Gates Of Victory In Some Arabian Cities (Cairo – Zabid).pdf (original) (raw)

The Architecture of the Gate in the Defense Fortifications of the Towers and Ramparts of Iran’s City

Bagh-e Nazar Journal, 2024

Problem statement: Gates were created in cities for protective, military, and security reasons, and until the end of the Qajar period, they were an essential element of communication in the fences, towers, and ramparts of cities. Paying attention to the creation of privacy between the inside and outside of the city required a structural and architectural structure around the city. Over time, the gate appeared as a part of the city rampart in an architectural body along with its other components and elements according to the existing needs and conditions; these instances in every period were the factors that openly and secretly influenced the architectural body of the gates. These influences are shown in the form of features and different forms according to goals, specifications, usage, etc. For this purpose, the research questions are designed as follows, what are the influencing factors in the formation of Iranian gates? How have these factors affected the architectural features and components of Iran’s gates? Research objective: The purpose of the research is to identify these influencing factors and their manifestation in the form of the architectural features and components of urban gates of Iran. Research method: This research is a type of theoretical and qualitative research that uses a descriptive-analytical method. The required data for research were obtained through library sources, documents, and field visits. Conclusion: The results of the research show that culture, society, politics, economy, function, use, and body were mutually influenced by the architectural features of the gates. The mutual and close relation of the factors on the architecture of the gate has caused the body of the architecture to be a combination of several features. Considering that there are limitations in identifying factors affecting the formation and architectural features of gates, all the factors found in the formation and body of architecture of urban gates of Iran have been shown in continuance and combination with each other.

The Jerusalem Gate of Late Ottoman Jaffa: An Updated Survey.

Burke, Aaron A., Katherine S. Burke, and Martin Peilstöcker (editors). The History and Archaeology of Jaffa 2. The Jaffa Cultural Heritage Project 2. Monumenta Archaeologica 41. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press, Los Angeles, California. , 2017

The Jerusalem or Abū Nabūt Gate was one of the most iconic elements of Jaffa’s fortifications during the late Ottoman period. Israel Antiquities Authority salvage excavations exposed important elements relating to the gate in 2011. Taken together with cartographic, historical, art historical, and photographic records, the gate can be thoroughly described for the first time.

From the Ribats to the Fortresses, the Fāṭimid Period of Transition in Muslim Military Architecture

International Journal of Islamic Research, 2020

This article focuses on the origins and the similarities between the Aghlabid, Fāṭimid and Spanish Umayyad military architectures from the 9 th to the early 11 th century. The main characteristic of these early Islamic fortifications was the use of small square counterforts or plain buttresses towers built close together and forming a line of defence very similar to those used during the late Antiquity in North Africa. We will try to explain the origins and the similarities between the Aghlabid, Fāṭimid and Umayyad military architectures in Ifriqiyya. These observations lead us to other questions; what differentiates the Egyptian military architecture from the Tunisi-an ribats in the scholarly literature? Our predecessors have interpreted the Aghlabid ribat according to the historical sources, where the words "ribat and murabitun" frequently appeared. Researchers first focused on the religious meaning instead of looking at the secular function. Other than the role of garrison forts, these buildings served as stations and stopover points for travelers, merchants and pilgrims. In Persia, the caravanserais or khans were also called ribats. They were fortified stopovers for caravans isolated in remote areas. In Central Asia, the cities on the Silk Road were called ribats. In fact, the Tunisians ribats were simply forts and caravanserais used to protect the port cities and the coast.

City Gates and their Functions in Mesopotamia and Ancient Israel

2014

Since Max Weber who denied that the Oriental cities were "real" cities , effforts of many scholars have been aimed at establishing a connection between the city form and its socio-political structure.1 It has often been claimed that the city plan mirrors a city's political organisation.2 The lack of preconceived public spaces in the Near Eastern cities as opposite to the city-states of the Classical Antiquity was one of the focuses of these discussions (Liverani 1997, 91-93; May / Steinert, Introduction, this volume).

The Walls of Early Islamic Ayla: Defence or Symbol?

Muslim Military Architecture in Greater Syria from the coming of Islam to the Ottoman period, 2006

4 H. Kennedy, The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and society in the early Islamic state. (London, 2001), 187; Wheatley summarized the general impression, that "...its formal plan bore such a close resemblance in both layout and proportions to that of the typical legionary fort of the late Roman period that it would seem unreasonable, despite the intervening centuries, to deny the likelihood of a causal relationship between them" (P. Wheatley, The Places where Men Pray Together, Chicago (2001), 290).