Soil physicochemical properties and vegetation pattern in an arid environment affected by a salt diaper (original) (raw)
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SOIL-PLANT DEGRADATION AND THEIR INTER-RELATION AT SALINE DESERT ECOSYSTEM.
High salinity is contributing significantly to environmental degradation. Saline desert (Little Rann of Kutch of 4860 ha) was selected to study soil and vegetation. Soil was analyzed at different depth 0-15, 15-30 and 30-45cm. Maximum salinity was 24.033dSm-1. Mean values for FC, WHC, OC, N, P, Ca, K and Na were 20.456%, 28.250%, 0.344%, 0.030%, 22.727kg ha-1, 103.293mg kg-1, 841.276mg kg-1 and 144.395mg kg-1. Calcium and herbaceous density (153.601mg kg-1 and 0.646plants m-2) was maximum and sodium (65.490mg kg-1) was minimum (site two). Results suggest that calcium have beneficial effect to overcome salinity and minimise the effect of sodium in the soil.
Present Scenario of Global Salt Affected Soils, its Management and Importance of Salinity Research
International Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 2019
Salt-affected soils have gained global concern. The world population is increasing rapidly, while the cultivable land is decreasing gradually 1-2% per year. As a result it is threatening the sustained productivity from the limited land resources to meet food and nutritional demands. Soil degradation due to salinization is considered a major constraint for agricultural productivity. Currently approximately 1125 million hectares of lands are salt-affected, of which approximately 76 million hectares are affected by human-induced salinization and sodification. Therefore, tackling salinity problem is very crucial to achieve food security. Two strategies- fighting salinity and living with salinity are suggested by International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) to overcome salinity problems. Conducting researches to find high salt tolerant plant species and remove salts from the affected lands applying bio-techniques are also very important. Minimizing the exposure of cultivable land to salinity and recovering or utilizing salt-affected land for agriculture is crucial to attain future food security.
Agroforestry Practices for Salt Affected Lands (Biosaline Agroforestry)
Agroforestry: Theory and Practices, 2014
Soils which contain excess soluble salts, adversely affect the plant growth are called the salt affected soils. They occur where potential evapotranspiration greatly exceeds precipitation, which is in arid and semi-arid regions. They are grouped under Aridisols order as well as Intrazonal order or Halomorphic sub-order. In irrigated areas, drainage, leaching and soil amendments are used to reclaim these soils. This traditional approach to ameliorate salt affected soils is difficult and expensive. The alternative way is the biological approach, which involves selection and planting of salt tolerant plants and trees in plantation or agroforestry practices for fodder, fuelwood and/or timber production. Salt tolerant plants and trees have the potential to ameliorate salt lands and can be grown using poor quality water. Planting trees in salt affected soils requires a specialized approach with reference to site development, choice of species and level of management. Though many tree species are astonishingly tolerant to adverse conditions, yet to raise viable plant cover on naturally inhospitable sites requires special attention. The stress faced by the trees depends upon the nature and extent of the problem in soil, which itself is governed by the soil reaction, nature and amount of soluble salts, physical barriers like hard pan, quality of underground water and depth of water table, etc. So understanding the soil problem is a pre-requisite for successful plantation/ agroforestry practices on salt affected soils. Finding ways to make marginal land and saline wasteland productive will permit better quality land to be farmed in more rational ways and lessen the risk of degradation. The standard approach is to increase the salt tolerance of trees and plants with concerted research, but the gains come slowly. The alternative approach is to make use of those plants and trees (halophytes) that have high tolerance for salinity. Substantial progress has been made in evaluating halophytes for their potential to rehabilitate salt affected lands. In recent years, it has been demonstrated that revegetation of saline habitats with halophytic species is profitable and provides many additional benefits. There are about 6,000 species of terrestrial and tidal halophytes in the world which offer promising options for reclaiming salt affected lands.
Published as part of a theme on Salt-Prone Land Resources
Salinization of soils is a major impediment to their optimal utilization in many arid and semi-arid regions throughout the world. In several large irrigation schemes, salinity-induced land degradation has increased steadily over the last few decades with concurrent reductions in agricultural pro- ductivity and sustainability. Currently, saline soils occur within at least 100 countries. These soils need explicit approaches in their amelioration since soil salinization cannot be reduced by routine irrigation and crop management practices. The approaches used to ameliorate saline soils can be broadly divided into four major categories: (1) leaching of bare saline soils to move excess soluble salts from upper to lower soil depths or out of soil profile in the presence of a natural or artificial drainage system; (2) leaching of cropped saline soils with certain plant species, which can withstand ambient salinity levels; (3) surface flushing or mechanical removal of salts from soils that ...
Floristic Features and Vegetation Structure of Salt Affected Lands at the North Nile Delta, Egypt
To carry out the present study, some pilot areas were selected at the north of the Nile Delta of Egypt extending from Damietta westward to Rosetta covering the north borders of five Governorates namely: Port Said, El-Dakahlia, Damietta, Kafr El-Sheikh and El-Behira. The vegetation of the study areas was represented by 79 species (38 annuals , one biennials and 40 perennials) belonging to 63 genera and related to 24 families. Poaceae, Astraceae and Chenopodiaceae are considered the major families as they contribute collectively about 51.91% of the total recorded species. Therophytes and cryptophytes are the most abundant life forms. The chorological analysis of the study area revealed that the Mediterranean taxa are represented by relatively highest percentage of plant species (66.3%). On the other hand, the Cosmopolitan (12.66%), Pantropi-cal (2.53%), Neotropical (2.83%), Saharo-Sindian (3.80%). The vegetation structure is classified by TWINSPAN into four groups; I) dominated by Arthrocnemum macrosta-chyum, II) dominated by Halocnemum strobilaceum, III) co-dominated by Halocne-mum strobilaceum and Juncus acutus and group IV) co-dominated by Inula crith-moides and Juncus rigidus. The most important edaphic factors correlated with the vegetation of the salt affected sites are: magnesium, electric conductivity, sulphates, chlorides, calcium carbonate, porosity, water-holding capacity and pH.
Effect of soil salinization on the productivity of pasture in the arid land
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2020
This study compares the field data of the seasonal dynamics of halophytic plant productivity as dependent upon soil salinity level and soil type. The field study was carried out in the coastal area of Lake Kurinka (the Republic of Khakasia, south of Middle Siberia) between May and September of 2014 and 2016. Two plant communities with different soil salinity levels were studied. Results of the field investigation show that there is a correlation between plant growth and the soil salinity level. With high-salinity (3.72%) soils, the productivity of halophyte plants is lower than productivity with low-salinity (0.175%) soils.
The Disastrous Effects of Soil Salinity and pH on Environmental Systems
Soil salinity is a natural element of arid and semi-arid climates and it is becoming a growing concern in the soils across the world. When water-soluble salts build in a soil, it gets salinized. These salts contain chloride, sulphate, carbonate, bicarbonate and sodium in addition to potassium and magnesium. Due to shortage of oxygen, soil with a high salt level becomes incapable of supporting plant and animal life. This review discusses the causes of salinity, its impact on plant growth, their limits/standard in the environment systems and case studies of saline land. Besides this, salinity levels in streams and lands are generally rising as a result of rising groundwater levels. Most of the rural and urban communities have lost productive cropland and water supplies due to natural instability to these environments and human induced interferences. Crop productivity, seed germination soil and water quality are adversely affected by soil salinity. A coastal region is also particularly vulnerable to climate change. There is a need to study soil salinization and its measures in detail for sustainable environmental systems.
Salt Affected Soils in Protected Productive Systems. Irrigation Water and Productive Management
Agrárias: Pesquisa e Inovação nas Ciências que Alimentam o Mundo V, 2021
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African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, Vol 7:12, Pp 1070-1075, 2013
This study was carried out to monitor and document the influence of salinity on soil chemical properties and surrounding vegetation of Awe salt mining site, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. The soil samples were collected randomly from the salt mining site and 10 m away from the site (control) at 5, 10, 15 and 20 cm depths, respectively, with three replications each. The soil samples were air dried, sieved and the physical and chemical properties were determined using standard methods. The exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), cation exchange capacity (CEC) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) were calculated. No plant was found growing on the salt mining site (SMS) unlike the control site (CTS) which has a little diversity of plants. The soil organic carbon, organic magnesium, total nitrogen and phosphorus at SMS decreased significantly (α = 0.05) with soil depth in relation to CTS except for 10-15 cm soil depth. Soil exchangeable acidity (H + and Al 3+ ) at SMS significantly increased (α = 0.05) when compared with the CTS at different soil depths. Also, K + , Na + and Mg 2+ of SMS and CTS significantly increased (α = 0.05) at the different soil depths. Soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), ESP and SAR at SMS significantly increased at different depths when compared with CTS. Awe salt mining has brought about soil nutrient imbalance at CTS with EC less than 0.2 dS/m and SAR between 0-3. Thus, it is concluded that soil at CT and SMS is a sodic soil which have reduced the diversity of plants species.
Response of Major Plant Nutrients to Salt Affected Environment
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences
Long term exhaustive cropping practice and indiscriminate use of poor quality water can result in accumulation of salts and sodium that adversely affect crop growth. Salinity and sodicity are the major soil degradation issues primarily in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. The sustainability of agriculture is a matter of deep concern due to widespread removal of nutrients in excess of their application resulting in depletion of major soil nutrient reserves. Nitrogen (N) use efficiency of applied N in saline and sodic soils is low. Adequate N fertilizer dose, method and time of application are essential to increase its efficiency. Phosphorus (P) is one of the limiting major nutrient elements in salt affected soils. In saline soils, availability of P decreases due to precipitation of applied P, higher retention of soluble P, antagonism due to excess of chlorides (Cl-) and sulphates (SO 4 2-). Potassium (K) deficiency is observed under high soil-Na concentration. Phosphorus and K availability in saline and saline-sodic soil increases with crop residue incorporation. In this paper, we reviewed the major nutrients dynamics in saline and sodic environment and their proper management strategies.