88. 3000, Middle Indo-European Bronze Age.pdf (original) (raw)
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Europe at around can best be described as a chessboard of archaeological entities in di erent cultural traditions. ese traditions can easily be categorized into two blocks: on the one hand there are regionally dispersed archaeological cultures and groups, mostly de ned by their respective pottery. ese stretch geographically like a belt from the Balkans in the east, over the Carpathian Basin, to Italy and France, including probably also parts of Spain and Portugal in the west. On the other hand there are the supra-regional, expansionistic cultural phenomena, covering wide parts of the continent and connecting, through their respective social, economic, ideological, and material features, regions and landscapes that were previously culturally separated.
European Societies in the Bronze Age
2000
The European Bronze Age, roughly 2500 to 750 BC, was the last fully prehistoric period and crucially important for the formation of the Europe that emerged in the later first millennium BC. This book provides a detailed account of its material culture, and focuses on the findings of the past twenty years, when a large amount of data was collected, necessitating a revision of received views on many aspects of the period. By comparing and contrasting evidence from different geographical and cultural zones of Europe, it draws out the essential characteristics of the Bronze Age. Arranged thematically, it reviews the evidence on settlement, burial, economy, technology, trade and transport, warfare, and social and religious life, and describes the main theoretical models that have been developed to interpret these new materials. The result is a comprehensive study that will be of value to specialists and students, and accessible to non-specialists.
75. 3500-1100, Indo-European Bronze Age.pdf
Joan, Eahr Amelia. Re-Genesis Encyclopedia: Synthesis of the Spiritual Dark– Motherline, Integral Research, Labyrinth Learning, and Eco–Thealogy. Part I. Revised Edition II, 2018. CIIS Library Database. (RGS.)
Introducing the Bronze Age c. 3500-1100 BCE, is a summary of the Chalcolithic or Copper Age, c. 5500-3500. During the Bronze Age, copper metallurgy was discovered. “Copper mines are known from central Yugoslavia (Rudna Glava) and central Bulgaria (Ai-Gunar and others) (COG: 52).” Metallurgical techniques are evidenced in the crafts and tool making, but there are no significant finds that suggest that metal was being forged for weaponry or domination purposes. As discussed, Old European cultures were primarily matrifocal, egalitarian, gylanic goddess – centered cultures that changed with the invention of bronze metallurgy. (COG; CB; MK.) Although debates continue to wage around the degree of coterminous mutuality before the Bronze Age, the lack of significant fortification clearly suggests that this was not an age of metal, might, fight, and flight (RGS). (RGS: 5500-3500, Chalcolithic or Copper Age).