Raman spectral analysis for rapid screening of dengue infection (original) (raw)
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Evaluation of Raman spectroscopy in comparison to commonly performed dengue diagnostic tests
Journal of Biomedical Optics, 2016
This study demonstrates the evaluation of Raman spectroscopy as a rapid diagnostic test in comparison to commonly performed tests for an accurate detection of dengue fever in human blood sera. Blood samples of 104 suspected dengue patients collected from Holy Family Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, have been used in this study. Out of 104 samples, 52 (50%) were positive based on immunoglobulin G (IgG), whereas 54 (52%) were positive based on immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody tests. For the determination of the diagnostic capabilities of Raman spectroscopy, accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and false positive rate have been calculated in comparison to normally performed IgM and IgG captured enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests. Accuracy, precision, specificity, and sensitivity for Raman spectroscopy in comparison to IgM were found to be 66%, 70%, 72%, and 61%, whereas based on IgG they were 47%, 46%, 52%, and 43%, respectively.
Dengue Blood Analysis by Raman Spectroscopy
In this work Raman spectra of normal and dengue infected serum and whole blood were analyzed. In normal whole blood and serum characteristic peaks were observed when excited at 442 and 532 nm. In dengue whole blood and serum all peaks found to be blue shifted with reduced Raman intensity. Dengue whole blood and serum shows two peaks at 1614 and 1750 cm–1 which are due to presence of Immunoglobulin antibodies IgG and IgM. Whole study provides a route of information for diagnosis of dengue viral infection.
Optical diagnosis of dengue virus infection in human blood serum using Raman spectroscopy
We present the optical diagnosis of dengue virus infection in human blood serum using Raman spectroscopy. Raman spectra were acquired from 18 blood serum samples using a laser at 532 nm as the excitation source. A multivariate regression model based on partial least-squares regression is developed that uses Raman spectra to predict dengue infection with leave-one-sample-out cross validation. The prediction of dengue infection by our model yields correlation coefficient r2 values of 0.9998 between the predicted and reference clinical results. The model was tested for six unknown human blood sera and found to be 100% accurate in accordance with the clinical results.
Identification of new spectral signatures associated with dengue virus infected sera
Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 2017
In a quest to use Raman spectroscopy as an optical diagnostic tool, we recorded Raman spectra of 32 dengue virus (DENV)infected and 28 healthy sera samples in the near-infrared spectral range (540 to 1700 cm 1) using laser at 785 nm as the excitation source. We observed clear differences in the Raman spectra of DENV-infected sera as compared with those of healthy individuals. Here, as a result of our study, we report 12 unique Raman bands associated with DENV-infected sera that are not reported earlier. After applying analysis of variance and t-test (p < 0.05) on these 12 bands, six Raman bands at 630 (N-acetylglucosamine), 883 (in-plane bending (ring) of deoxyribose), 1218 (amide III-β conformation from C 6 H 5-C stretching vibrations of tryptophan and phenylalanine), 1273 (amide-III), 1623 (tryptophan) and 1672 cm 1 (ceramide) were found only in the DENV-infected sera. The remaining six Raman bands at 716 (lipids), 780 (Uracil-based ring breathing mode), 828 (ring breathing tyrosine), 840 (α-anomers), 1101 (ν(C-N) of lipids and DNA) and 1150 cm 1 (glycogen/carotenoids) were only found in healthy sera. Two types of classification models, principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis, were employed to develop principal component analysis-linear discriminant analysis model that has provided diagnostic accuracy 96.50%, sensitivity 93.44%, and specificity 100%. This indicates that these 12 Raman bands have the potential to be used as biomarkers for optical diagnosis of DENV infection. This study provides a new insight for future research in the field of optical diagnosis using Raman spectroscopy.
Raman spectroscopic analysis of dengue virus infection in human blood sera
We are presenting Raman spectroscopic analysis of dengue virus infection in the human blood sera. Blood samples from 40 individuals infected with dengue virus and 25 healthy volunteers have been used in this study. Raman spectra of all these samples have been acquired in the spectral range from 600 cm −1 to 1750 cm −1 using 532 nm laser as an excitation source. These Raman spectra have been used to analyze the biochemical changes appeared in the blood caused by dengue virus infection. Two Raman lines at 750 cm −1 and 850 cm −1 found in all spectra of dengue infected sera, indicate the presence of adenosine diphosphate (ADP), which is expected to be excreted due to rupturing of thrombocytes.
Rapid discrimination of Malaria and Dengue Infected Patients Sera using Raman Spectroscopy
Analytical Chemistry, 2019
Malaria and dengue have overlapping clinical symptoms and prevalent in the same geographic region (tropical and subtropical), hence precise diagnosis is challenging. High mortality-rate associate with both malaria and dengue could be attributed to "false", "delayed" or "missed" diagnosis. The present study thus aims to stratify malaria and dengue using Raman Spectroscopy (RS). In total 130 human sera was analyzed for model development and double-blinded testing. Principal Components-Linear Discriminant Analysis (PC-LDA) of acquired RS-spectra could classify malaria and dengue with a minor overlap of 16.7%. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis of test samples showed sensitivity/ specificity of 0.9529 for malaria vs Healthy Control (HC) and 0.9584 for dengue vs HC. The Raman findings were complemented by Mass Spectroscopy (MS) based metabolite analysis of 8 individuals each from malaria, dengue and HC. Several of the metabolites including amino acids, cell-free DNA, creatinine and bilirubin assigned for the predominant RS-bands were also identified by MS and showed similar trends. Our data clearly indicates that RS-based serum analysis using microprobe has immense potential for early, accurate and automated detection and discrimination of malaria and dengue, and in future could be extrapolated in field-settings combined with handheld RS. Further, this approach might be extended to diagnose other closely related infections with similar clinical manifestations.
Analysis of dengue infection based on Raman spectroscopy and support vector machine (SVM)
Biomedical Optics Express, 2016
The current study presents the use of Raman spectroscopy combined with support vector machine (SVM) for the classification of dengue suspected human blood sera. Raman spectra for 84 clinically dengue suspected patients acquired from Holy Family Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, have been used in this study.The spectral differences between dengue positive and normal sera have been exploited by using effective machine learning techniques. In this regard, SVM models built on the basis of three different kernel functions including Gaussian radial basis function (RBF), polynomial function and linear functionhave been employed to classify the human blood sera based on features obtained from Raman Spectra.The classification model have been evaluated with the 10fold cross validation method. In the present study, the best performance has been achieved for the polynomial kernel of order 1. A diagnostic accuracy of about 85% with the precision of 90%, sensitivity of 73% and specificity of 93% has been achieved under these conditions.
Lactate based optical screening of dengue virus infection in human sera using Raman spectroscopy
Biomedical Optics Express, 2017
This study presents the screening of dengue virus (DENV) infection in human blood sera based on lactate concentration using Raman spectroscopy. A total of 70 samples, 50 from confirmed DENV infected patients and 20 from healthy volunteers have been used in this study. Raman spectra of all these samples have been acquired in the spectral range from 600 cm −1 to 1800 cm −1 using a 532 nm laser as an excitation source. Spectra of all these samples have been analyzed for assessing the biochemical changes resulting from infection. In DENV infected samples three prominent Raman peaks have been found at 750, 830 and 1450 cm −1. These peaks are most probably attributed to an elevated level of lactate due to an impaired function of different body organs in dengue infected patients. This has been proven by an addition of lactic acid solution to the healthy serum in a controlled manner. By the addition of lactic acid solution, the intense Raman bands at 1003, 1156 and 1516 cm −1 found in the spectrum of healthy serum got suppressed when the new peaks appeared around 750,
Dengue - Immunopathology and Control Strategies, 2017
In this chapter, we present the optical diagnosis of normal and dengue viral-infected human blood using Raman, Polarimetric, Transmission, and Fluorescence Spectroscopic techniques. The possibility of using light in diagnosis and treating illness has been known for thousands of years. The properties of light and lasers provided many modern applications at home, in industry, and in the field of medicine. Laser use in the field of medicine is large and steadily growing. This growth is based on the versatility of laser light. Efficient and accurate diagnosis of dengue is of primary importance for clinical care. A range of laboratory diagnostic methods has been developed to support patient management and disease control. The choice of diagnostic method depends on the purpose for which the testing is done, the type of laboratory facilities and technical expertise available, costs, and the time of sample collection. The dengue viral infection is mostly diagnosed through laboratory tests; these tests include detection of the virus, virus antigen, anti-dengue virus antibody, complement fixation test, neutralization tests, and detection of virus nucleic acid. As dengue infection most rapidly increases in different regions, early diagnostic confirmation of dengue infection in patients allows for timely clinical intervention, etiological investigation, and disease control. Hence, diagnosis of dengue disease during the acute phase should be a priority and is a public health concern. Lasers and optics have many applications in medical sciences; diagnosis and treatment of diseases with lasers and light are latest and noninvasive techniques. Development of light-based apparatus has evolved into tools for improved diagnosis and treatment modalities in medical sciences. The methods of the laser spectroscopy make it possible to obtain direct information regarding the structure and dynamics of the functional groups of biomolecules. Development of new light sources, optics, and diode laser of different wavelengths makes them attractive for spectroscopy of biological molecules. In our study, more than 600 dengue viral-infected blood or blood sera samples and 25 non-dengue healthy blood samples were analyzed using four different optical methodologies. In the first study, Raman spectrum peaks for normal samples observed at 1527, 1170, and 1021 cm −1 show the presence of different biological materials, including lipids, carbohydrates, skeletal CC stretch of acyl chains, and
Random Forest-Based Evaluation of Raman Spectroscopy for Dengue Fever Analysis
Applied Spectroscopy, 2017
This work presents the evaluation of Raman spectroscopy using random forest (RF) for the analysis of dengue fever in the infected human sera. A total of 100 dengue suspected blood samples, collected from Holy Family Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, have been used in this study. Out of these samples, 45 were dengue-positive based on immunoglobulin M (IgM) capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests. For highlighting the spectral differences between normal and infected samples, an effective machine learning system is developed that automatically learns the pattern of the shift in spectrum for the dengue compared to normal cases and thus is able to predict the unknown class based on the known example. In this connection, dimensionality reduction has been performed with the principal component analysis (PCA), while RF is used for automatic classification of dengue samples. For the determination of diagnostic capabilities of Raman spectroscopy based on RF, sensitivity, specifi...