Evaluation of pond water after the culture of ostracods (Heterocypris incongruens): associating toxicity with risk assessment (original) (raw)
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Water Research, 2002
Methodology was developed for presenting to fish cells in culture whole-water samples without extraction and used to evaluate the toxicity to a rainbow trout gill cell line, RTgill-W1, of more than 30 whole-water samples collected from a paper mill over approximately a year of operation. Presentation to cells was achieved by adding to water samples the amounts of salts, galactose and sodium pyruvate, as solids, that were necessary to give concentrations and osmolality of the basal growth medium, Leibovitz's L-15. Cell viability was measured with three fluorescent indicator dyes: alamar Blue t for metabolism, 5-carboxyfluorescein diacetate acetoxymethyl ester (CFDA-AM) for membrane function, and neutral red for lysosomal activity. Eighteen samples were tested with the Daphnia lethality bioassay and 11 of these were toxic. None of these were judged cytotoxic to RTgill-W1. Sixteen samples were tested with the rainbow trout lethality bioassay and only one was toxic. This sample was also the only sample that was cytotoxic to RTgill-W1. Therefore, these methods for presenting water samples and measuring their cytotoxicity to RTgill-W1 are a promising substitute for toxicity tests of industrial effluent with rainbow trout but not with Daphnia. r
The use of rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss in early ontogenesis for the water toxicity assessment
Linnaeus Eco-Tech
Toxicity of some heavy metals (HM), heavy metal model mixture (HMMM), orimulsion, crudeoil and water of some biotopes of Lake Druksiai was evaluated by use of the fish in all stages ofdevelopment (embryos, larvae, adult fish). The rainbow trout was very sensitive test-organism tothe effect of different kind pollutants and the most sensitive to the impact of pollutants were fishat early stages of development i.e. larvae and embryos. The integrated biological parameters offish at all stages of development (survival, growth rate, and relative mass increase) were the mostsensitive ones. In accordance with the sensitivity to the impact of heavy metals, animals in theearliest stages of their development were more sensitive than plants, but the plants in some caseswere more sensitive to heavy metals than adult fish. Therefore, plants as well as animals -rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) of different life stages, as test-organisms, arerecommended for the inclusion of the complex biotests ...
Assessment of general condition of fish inhabiting a moderately contaminated aquatic environment
Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2013
The assessment of general condition of fish in the moderately contaminated aquatic environment was performed on the European chub (Squalius cephalus) caught in September 2009 in the Sutla River in Croatia. Although increases of the contaminants in this river (trace and macro elements, bacteria), as well as physico-chemical changes (decreased oxygen saturation, increased conductivity), were still within the environmentally acceptable limits, their concurrent presence in the river water possibly could have induced stress in aquatic organisms. Several biometric parameters, metallothionein (MT), and total cytosolic protein concentrations in chub liver and gills were determined as indicators of chub condition. Microbiological and parasitological analyses were performed with the aim to evaluate chub predisposition for bacterial bioconcentration and parasitic infections. At upstream river sections with decreased oxygen saturation (∼50 %), decreased Fulton condition indices were observed (FCI: 0.94 gcm −3 ), whereas gonadosomatic (GSI: 2.4 %), hepatosomatic (HSI: 1.31 %), and gill indices (1.3 %) were increased compared to oxygen rich downstream river sections (dissolved oxygen ∼90 %; FCI: 1.02 gcm −3 ; GSI: 0.6 %; HIS: ∼1.08 %; gill index: 1.0 %). Slight increase of MT concentrations in both organs at upstream (gills: 1.67 mgg −1 ; liver: 1.63 mgg −1 ) compared to downstream sites (gills: 1.56 mgg −1 ; liver: 1.23 mgg −1 ), could not be explained by induction caused by increased metal levels in the river water, but presumably by physiological changes caused by general stress due to low oxygen saturation. In addition, at the sampling site characterized by inorganic and fecal contamination, increased incidence of bacterial bioconcentration in internal organs (liver, spleen, kidney) was observed, as well as decrease of intestinal parasitic infections, which is a common finding for metal-contaminated waters. Based on our results, it could be concluded that even moderate contamination of river water by multiple contaminants could result in unfavourable living conditions and cause detectable stress for aquatic organisms.
Water and Fish Quality of Aquaculture Pond Adjacent to Intensive Pesticides Application Agro-System
Fisheries and Aquaculture Journal, 2018
Water and fish quality was specified for a private aquaculture pond localized at the north of Egypt during June-November 2017. The main traditional physicochemical parameters of water were evaluated. Moreover, the occurred levels of trace elements, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and pesticide residues in water and fish of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and grey Mullet (Mugil cephalus) were specified. The levels of total hardness, ammonia as N, sulfide, nitrite and phosphate were violated the water quality guidelines for the fish cultures. Trace metals of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, lead and zinc were detected in all the water and fish tissue samples at remarkably high levels (but still below the maximum permissible levels established by WHO. From 15 PAHs analyzed, naphthalene, acenaphthene, phenanthrene, fluorene, anthracene, fluoranthene, benzo(a)anthracene and benzo(b)fluoranthene were detected in water at range of 0.05 µg/l and 0.71 µg/l, while phenanthrene, fluorene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(b)fluoranthene and dibenzo(a,h)anthracene detected in fish muscles at range of 0.18 µg/g-0.72 µg/g fresh wt. Residues of α-and ϒ-HCHs, endosulfan ɪ, endosulfan ɪɪ, endosulfan sulfate, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, p,p´-DDE, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, cyfluthrin and fenvalerate pesticides were detected within the permissible levels in water at the average of 0.12 ng/l-2.04 ng/l. The same compounds were also detected in the fish (except endosulfan sulfate, cyfluthrin and fenvalerate) at ranges of 0.87 ng/l-10.21 ng/g fresh wt. of Tilapia and 0.95 ng/l-8.32 ng/g fresh wt. of Mullet muscles. The potential occurrence of chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, cyfluthrin and fenvalerate residues might be attributed mainly to its intensive current application on the vegetables and fruits around the fish pond, rather than the persistent organochlorines which still occurred as environmental contaminants from many years ago. The quantified levels of PAHs and pesticide residues in Tilapia and Mullet fish tissues analyzed were below its maximum permissible levels.
Environmental Science and Pollution Research
One of the primary objectives of any public health programme is to design a protocol that will curtail a population from being predisposed to toxic substances in the environment. Biomarkers help in actualising such an objective by their potential to detect the presence of toxic substances in environmental media such as soil, water and air. The Ostracod Heterocypris incongruens, an already established biomarker for quality evaluation of freshwater, does not quantify toxicity. This work was aimed at modelling Ostracod bioassay as a quantitative whole-water toxicity assay (QWTA) for the determination of potentially chemical contaminated swimming pools. In this modelling approach, a pool water sample was deliberately contaminated with a mixture of Fenton reagent (FR) and Bonny light (BL) crude oil. The mechanism of toxic injury of this mixture is via oxidative stress-mediated superoxide ion and other free radicals. The mortalities and growth factors of the exposed freshly hatched Ostracods to the serial dilutions of the contaminated swimming pool water sample for 6 days were mathematically modelled to toxicity indices (Ti), which were used to construct the toxicity reference curve (TRC). A graph of the “toxic concentrations” of the serially diluted contaminated pool water sample against Ostracod mortality was plotted. The TRC and the linear graph constitute the “Ostracod-linked mathematical model”. Against the reference mortality ≤ 20% of the Ostracods, the toxicity index based on the model prediction is ≤ 32.5, and this signifies “no observed toxic effect” for toxicity values below 32.5 units. Using this model, toxicity indices were calculated for 5 randomly selected swimming pools in the study area. The results showed that the outdoor pool SP 5 has a toxic index of 49.0, while outdoor pools SP 2 and SP 3 each has a toxic index of 42.5. The indoor swimming pool (SP 4) and Standard water (control) have zero toxicity, thus suggesting that that the outdoor pools SP 2, SP 3 and SP 5 were possibly contaminated by chemicals from extraneous sources while contamination of SP 1 was very much negligible, hence the “no observed toxic effect”.
Aquaculture is the fastest growing food-producing sector in the world .The current field study was conducted to fulfill the following: 1-Environmental monitoring of aquaculture systems in El-Fayoum governorate. 2-Evaluation of the water quality used in the available and field investigated aquacultures through physical, chemical and microbial water examination on site and at laboratory.3-Investigating the impact of water quality used in aquaculture on fish health via recording of some fish performance parameters as body sizes, organosomatic indices and final body weight .In addition to histopathological profiles of some organs of randomly selected fish at the end of rearing. First: Environmental monitoring of the available earthen ponds management and reared species. Five farms were available and 2 pond from each farm (total 10 ponds) and subjected for field investigation. The data obtained via presented questionnaires to the owners .These data clarified the following; Number of hatc...
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
Karakaya and Sultansuyu Dam Lakes, located in the eastern part of Turkey, are important water sources, both for irrigation and fishery. The main goal of the study was to investigate water qualities of dam lakes using a set of biomarkers in the fish Cyprinus carpio. For this aim, field sample and laboratory-acclimated fish were compared to identify changes in selected biomarkers. The activities of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione reductase, and carboxylesterase were determined in liver samples. Also, plasma and liver lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase activities were assayed. Brain acetylcholinesterase and carboxylesterase activities were also determined. The hepatosomatic index and condition factors were calculated. Plasma vitellogenin assays were evaluated for the presence of xenoestrogen. Physicochemical values of water samples showed the existence of eutrophication risk, and also, some chemicals in both lakes were determined to be over tolerable limits. The comparisons of samples from both dam lake and laboratory-acclimated fish showed that the lakes may be at risk of pollution by some xenobiotics, namely xenoestrogens and acetylcholinesterase-inhibiting agents.
A standard ecotoxicological bioassay using early life stages of the marine fish Psetta maxima
Aquatic Living Resources, 2010
Fish tests must be developed for both regulatory and conservation reasons, as such testing forms an indispensable component of integrated toxicity testing strategy for the marine environment. To standardise a fish embryo test, the acute toxicity of metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to early life stages (ELS) of turbot (Psetta maxima) was studied. Embryos were exposed to dilutions of cooper, cadmium, mercury, fluoranthene, phenanthrene, pyrene and naphthalene in darkness and under visible light. Hatching success, yolk sac alterations, pericardial edema, skeletal deformities and mortality were observed. The effective concentrations (EC 50 , EC 10 ,) no observed effect concentration (NOEC) and the lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) were determined at the end of the bioassays. Exposure to metals and PAHs in ecologically relevant concentrations, either in darkness or under artificial light, caused significant lethal and sublethal effects in turbot, such as alterations in yolk sac, pericardial edema and skeletal abnormalities. According to the 96 h EC 50 , the ranking of acute toxicity for metals was respectively: 47.4 (46.8-59.2) μg L −1 Cu; 51.5 (20.9-91.7) μg L −1 Cd, and 83.2 (62.3-125) μg L −1 Hg. For PAHs, acute toxicities were 5.2 (4.3-6) μg L −1 pyrene, 12.3 (6.4-12.7) μg L −1 fluoranthene, 52.2 (30.4-82.7) μg L −1 phenanthrene, and 142 (55-228) μg L −1 naphthalene. Pyrene was consistently the most toxic PAH. In addition, light exposures were performed and photo-enhanced toxicity was found only for fluoranthene and pyrene. Turbot embryos were found to be more tolerant to metals and PAHs than were hatched larvae. These results suggest that, considering the short duration of the ELS turbot test and its high sensitivity, it is suitable for use as a standard test for marine fish.
Risks associated with the use of chemicals in pond aquaculture
Aquacultural Engineering, 1999
The most common substances used in pond aquaculture are fertilizers and liming materials. Fertilizers are highly soluble and release nutrients that can cause eutrophication of natural waters. Fertilizers are also corrosive and some are highly explosive, so proper handling is necessary to prevent accidents. Some liming materials are caustic and can be hazardous to workers if proper precautions are not exercised. Liming materials do not cause environmental problems, and liming and inorganic fertilizer compounds do not present food safety concerns. An array of other substances is used less frequently in aquaculture including: oxidants, disinfectants, osmoregulators, algicides, coagulants, herbicides, and probiotics. These compounds or biological products quickly degrade or precipitate. They are not bioaccumulative and do not cause environmental perturbations in natural waters receiving pond effluents. Accidental spills of some substances could cause environmental damage. Most substances used in pond aquaculture to improve soil or water quality present little or no risk to food safety. The use of human wastes in aquaculture or the contamination of aquaculture systems with agricultural or industrial pollution could result in product contamination and food safety concerns. Some substances pose safety risks to workers, explosion or fire hazards, or cause mild pollution.