The Five Levels (original) (raw)
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Despite being one of the fundamental concepts of multi-level modeling-to the extent of occurring in the name of the discipline-the concept of "level" has no universally agreed upon meaning among multi-level modeling researchers. There is no consensus on what the nature of a level is nor on how levels should be used to organize modeling elements. In this paper, I aim to initiate a discussion on what the options for defining levels in multi-level modeling are and how they could be systematically characterized.
2016
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Implementation of the levels structure value
Annals of Operations Research, 2005
We implement the levels structure value (Winter, 1989) for cooperative transfer utility games with a levels structure. The mechanism is a generalization of the bidding mechanism by Pérez-Castrillo and Wettstein (2001).
This chapter articulates an egalitarian ontology of levels of objects and properties. Neither wholes nor their proper parts are more fundamental. Neither higher-level properties nor lower-level properties are more fundamental. Instead, whole objects are invariants over some part additions, subtractions, and rearrangements; higher-level properties are part of their lower-level realizers. This egalitarian ontology solves the causal exclusion problem and does justice to the special sciences—including cognitive neuroscience.
NTRCA Syllabus, 2019
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This paper posits a classification of tertiary education institutions into four tiers: world research universities, selecting universities, recruiting universities, and vocational institutes. The distinguishing characteristic of world research universities is their research strength, the distinguishing characteristic of selecting universities is their strong student demand, the distinguishing characteristic of recruiting universities is their lower student demand, and the distinguishing characteristic of vocational institutes is their predominance of vocational programs. Yet there is one general characteristic that underlies the whole classification: positional value. The classification is put within a theoretical framework which generates tests of the classification proposed in the paper.