PERCEPTION OF TERROR RISK AND OF THE SECURITY OF COUNTER- TERRORISM DESIGN IN PUBLIC SPACES (original) (raw)
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Framing Violence: Conflicting Images, Identities, And Discourses, 2016
As a crucial part of social behaviors, fear is and has been a feeling that has great influence in decision-making processes. This feeling is constructed by both social realities and personal experiences, while outpouring attitudes consequently shape norms and responses of the society. Moreover, connotations of this notion differ for individuals and society according to various aspects such as class, gender and generation. Nevertheless, terrorism is one of the main fears that mankind has to face nowadays. Beyond individual fears, terrorism threatens the world more perilously with more dreadful weapons developed by modern science. This recklessly unchained force consequently changes the way of feeling fear in societies and imposes new reflexes on human behavior and mood. The function of fear and anxiety triggers acting as a signal of danger, which causes generation of appropriate adaptive responses. Moreover, this process influences material culture and due to this danger people either feel an urge to adapt their relationship with physical environment towards a more secure plane, or adapt their physical environment to endure. At this point, the role of designer emerges as a facilitator for people to cope with such fears of terrorism through products and spaces. Design approaches to form, color, material and geometry of things and spaces in order to transform feelings, behaviors and aspirations. The study identifies prominent designs giving a special emphasis on security and discusses their influence on human behavior and social interactions. From this point of view, this study investigates the social behavior pattern rooted in fear of terrorism through its reflections on design of objects. Furthermore, the study points out applications of design aspects in three classes: (i) Objects developed or modified by individuals, (ii) Objects designed for personal use in order to tackle with the security concerns and (iii) Designs addressing security needs of public areas.
Securing Public Spaces in A Time of Terror
http://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2016/04/06/securing-public-spaces-in-a-time-of-terror.html
The series of terror attacks occurred around the globe in the beginning of 2016 signaling strong message for possibilities of streak attacks in the future that need to be anticipated. Unfortunately, relying on intelligence information and aggressive military (or formal security organizational) approaches still seem impossible to prevent the attack accurately. I don't mean to be pessimistic but this is the real situation we face today. It is important to posit the issues of urban terror in the context of not only combating the sources but also protective the targets. In spatial perspective, the site of a terror target determines the success of the action. Of course, the selected site should be able to provide the maximum impact in delivering the message of fear and threat. The psychological nuances of this message is not always related to the amount of casualties as long as it can increase solid and vivid image of thriller effect in public perception. In observing the characteristic of the latest terror wave according to Rapoport's classification, it can be notices clearly the evolution of terror site when it entered the era of 2000. The landscape of potential terror targets shifted from hard to soft targets and also the selection of victims. Except for the case of Indonesia, the terrorists try to single out the crowd randomly which is not always represent the group of high-profile victims. However, the important point is that all of the incidences always occur in public spaces. Public spaces is rated as the most popular and potential target due to the massive activities which give advantages for terrorists to carry out the action. It is becoming an attraction for terrorists to conduct attacks that are effective in creating fear, increasing the number of victims as well as paralyzing public activities. Thus, concerning on security issues in planning and designing public spaces is a must. However, efforts to bring about a sense of security in public spaces has its own challenge. It is the nature of public spaces in providing opennes of spaces to be accessed by the public that create the weakness. This openness-despite characterizes as a primary quality of public spaces-provide a shortcoming as it causes the lack of ability to control public users. On the other side, this drawback serves as an advantage for terrorists to disguise in crowd without being notice and then deliver their
International Journal of Social Service and Research
Terrorism is a global issue for countries in the world, both in Indonesia itself. Since the existence of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia, the country has always faced incidents and threats of terror. This study aims to determine the security system and prevention of terrorist attacks in one of the offices of law enforcement agencies in Indonesia in order to anticipate potential threats of crime that may occur. This study used a qualitative approach, followed by an analysis of the location security system based on three ring security in the surveillance detection program and CPTED (Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design). Furthermore, conclusions and anticipation of problems can be made. This study concludes that in order to create comfort and security from the threat of various criminal acts, it is deemed necessary to have an integrated security plan as a preventive measure in securing and preventing terrorist attacks at the offices of law enforcement agencies ...
A Taxonomy of Terror - About the Effect of Different Kinds of Terror on Risk Perceptions
Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 2016
Terrorism is an increasing problem; still, research systematically investigating the impact of varying kinds of terrorism is scarce. The present investigation uses hypothetical scenarios to look at effects of diverging sorts of terrorism on risk perceptions in a student-and a tourist sample. Two characteristics of terrorism were varied systematically: frequency (whether terrorism hits a destination where terrorism is frequent or infrequent) and degree of organization (whether terrorism is committed by an organization or by an isolated perpetrator). Results show that both variables affect the level of perceived risk. Results are also in line with prospect theory's [Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47 (2), 263-291] predictions regarding changes in risk perceptions. Findings thus provide a taxonomy of how terror characteristics affect level of and changes in perceived risk. This taxonomy might possibly be useful for predicting tourists travel decisions and behaviour.
Literature review on design terror mitigation for facility managers in public access buildings
Facilities, 2010
Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to identify key risks that are posed to the security of a site and building perimeters in the first and second lines of defense against terrorism, and are relevant to facility managers. Design/methodology/approach -A qualitative approach to the literature review was applied. This involved an extensive literature search of existing peer-reviewed research papers, as well as state and federal reports to mark crucial issues relating to the security of a facility. Strategies to deal with the critical issues pertaining to the security of a facility were reviewed, based on the literature. Findings -The paper identifies major security risks suggested by the literature and lists strategies to address those risks. The paper also proposes recommendations made by the literature; their implementation may provide a higher level of security to key areas located in the first and second lines of building defense. Practical implications -The site and building perimeter areas that offer great potential for avoiding and deterring terror attacks are often neglected in terms of security planning, which seriously hampers efforts to provide an enhanced level of security to the facility. The paper points out these areas and major security issues related to them, so they can be taken care of by design professionals as well as facility managers. Originality/value -The paper provides a comprehensive and detailed review of various aspects tied to the security level of critical areas of the building and site perimeters that could be useful to facility managers of critical facilities.
AN ANALYSIS OF TERROR RESPONSE PREPAREDNESS IN KANO METROPOLIS
Yusuf Abubakar Shuaibu, 2019
On January 2012 and November 2014, Kano metropolis witnessed devastating attacks by members of the Boko Haram group. The attacks killed over 200 people in the city. It is in this context that this study evaluated the preparedness to potential terror response in Kano metropolis by identifying agencies responsible for counter-terrorism, examining terror-response preparedness for critical infrastructure, schools, hospitals, and markets. Using field observations, semi-structured oral interviews, and questionnaire, the study elicited data from purposively sampled institutions and agencies. The result indicated that there is seriously low terror response preparedness for critical infrastructure and soft target facilities in Kano metropolis. The three categories of first responders (police, hospitals, and fire service) apparently lack the capacity to carry out rescue missions on time or systematically reduce loss and damages. The terror prevention measures used for critical infrastructure and soft target facilities are not efficient. As such, people within the city feel unsecured, even though, they use some terror avoidance measures to ensure their safety. In conclusion, the findings from the study imply that commercial, tourism, and educational activities within the city can thus be compromised due to the high risk of terrorism and weak level of preparedness. Therefore, the study recommends integration of terror response strategies into the city’s urban planning process.
Develop an Architectural Design Approach to Counter-terrorism
The International Conference on Civil and Architecture Engineering, 2018
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Journal of European Real Estate Research, 2021
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