18. The Structure of Light Waves (original) (raw)

On the formation and propagation of pulses in ether

2021

In Chapter II of E88, Euler begins by rejecting Descartes’ hypothesis that the universe space through which the beams of light are propagated are made of perfectly hard fixed globules, filled with his second element, and, instead, adopted the ether theory. By considering that the propagation of light in ether is similar to the propagation of sound in air, he develops a theory on the formation and propagation of pulses in ether. The pulse is supposed to be generated by a vibrating body, which propagates as a sound like wave. The position of the pulse along the propagation path is described by a cosine function whose argument resembles D’Alembert’s solution of the wave equation. Based on the elastic properties of the air, he then tried to find the elastic properties of the ether, but, obviously, with no avail. Nonetheless, he correctly distinguished the local motion of the fluid particles from the motion of the pulse itself, obtaining for the speed of light in ether the value of 700,2...

An initial model of ether describing electromagnetic phenomena, including gravity

Physics Essays, 2017

This paper is based on the results obtained in our previous articles where an error was found in Michelson's analysis of his interferometer experiment, even though Einstein relied on it, while developing the special relativity theory, in which he eliminated ether from physics. Our own results imply that ether can exist. We have also validated the hypothesis that Coulomb's law would better describe the complex reality, including ether, by adding other terms to the actual term in r À2. As such, the force that exists between two distant dipoles, when computed with a modified version of Coulomb's law, depends on r À2 , as in Newton's law. Numerically, the two forces were practically equal given that the gravitation consists of electromagnetic (EM) interactions. For ether's structure, we proposed the HM16 model, in which the constituent etherons a and b are placed in the nodes of a crystalline network with a cell of approximately 10 À27 m, and manifesting forces of mutual attraction/rejection. Ether behaves as an ideal mechanism in the form of a perpetuum mobile. The microparticles (MPs) consist of local zones of ether where an energy intake induced a state of vibrating or vortex motion. The vibrant MPs, having electrical charges, will transmit fundamental vibrations (FVs) in ether around the MPs, which have a finite velocity c F. Stationary FVs do not transmit energy in the continuous infinite ether, but they do create interaction forces between MPs having electric (modified Coulomb forces) and magnetic nature given by ether. An MP passing through two energetic levels will expel (or absorb) a elementary special particle (ESMP), namely, the photon (F), which moves through the ether at the speed of light (c), which is a property granted by the ether. The Fs photons constitute EM waves that transmit energy through ether. The F photon can be constituted similar to an MP, which creates its own FVs in ether. It is likely that the two velocities c F and c will not be equal. As we consider that c F > c, velocity c F corresponds to the "gravitational" waves resulting from the electric interaction between the MPs produced by the completed Coulomb's law. The HM16 model of ether can explain the nature of the electric field in terms of volumetric e strains of ether, while the nature of the magnetic field can be explained by distortional c strains of ether. The HM16 model can also explain the various interactions between EM waves and MPs as well as collisions between MPs. V C 2017 Physics Essays Publication. [http://dx. Résumé: Cet article est basé sur les résultats obtenus dans les articles précédents où une erreur a été trouvée dans l'analyse de Michelson de son expérience avec l'interféromètre, même si Einstein est appuyé sur elle, tout en développant la théorie de la relativité spéciale, dans laquelle il a éliminé l'éther de la physique. Nos propres résultats impliquent que l'éther peut exister. Nous avons également validé l'hypothèse selon laquelle la loi de Coulomb serait mieux décrire la réalité complexe, y compris l'éther, en ajoutant d'autres termes a l'actuel terme en r À2. En tant que tel, la force qui existe entre deux dipôles éloignés, lorsque est calculé avec la loi de Coulomb modifiée, dépend de r À2 , comme dans la loi de Newton. Numériquement, les deux forces ont été pratiquement égales, ainsi que la gravitation se compose d'interactions électromagnétiques. Pour la composition de l'éther, on a proposé le modèle HM16, dans lequel les étherons constituants a et b, sont placés dans les noeuds d'un réseau cristallin avec une cellule d'environ 10 À27 m, ou ils manifestent des forces mutuelle d'attraction/repulsion. L'éther se comporte comme un mécanisme idéal sous la forme d'un perpetuum mobile. Les microparticules (MPs) sont constituées de zones locales d'éther où un apport énergétique induit un état de vibration ou mouvement tourbillonnaire. Les MPs en vibration, ayant des charges électriques, vont transmettre des vibrations fondamentales (FVs) dans l'éther autour des MPs, qui ont une vitesse finie c f. Les FVs stationnaires ne transmettent pas d'énergie dans l'éther infini continu, mais ils créent des forces d'interaction entre les MPs, forces de nature électrique, et de nature magnétique créées par l'éther. Une MP passant a)

Fundamentals of the theory of compressible oscillating ether

Journal of Physics: Conference Series

In the paper, ether is considered as a dense compressible inviscid oscillating medium in three-dimensional Euclidean space, having a density of ether and a velocity vector of propagation of density perturbations at each instant of time. Ether can be described by two nonlinear equations, where the first equation is the continuity equation, and the second is the ether momentum conservation law. It is shown that the consequences of the system of these two equations are: a generalized nonlinear system of Maxwell-Lorentz equations that is invariant under Galileo transformations, the linearization of which leads to the classical system of Maxwell-Lorentz equations; Coulomb law; representations for Planck's and fine structure constants; formulas for the electron, proton and neutron in the form of wave solutions of the system of two ether equations for which the calculated values of their internal energies, masses and magnetic moments coincide, with an accuracy to fractions of a percent, with their experimental values, anomalous from the point of view of modern physics.

The theory of electromagnetic field motion. 11. Electromagnetic ether

In present work twin paradox (clock paradox) is considered from logic positions. It is shown that the paradox is caused by that the mobile and motionless reference frames are accepted to be equivalent. The paradox disappears if one of the reference frames motionless relative stars is selected. It is shown that such a conclusion does not contradict Michelson experiment because in both systems all physical processes proceed equally. It is also shown that the physical reason of special role of reference frame which is motionless in relation to stars consists in motionless electromagnetic ether. The electromagnetic ether is full synonym to concepts of physical vacuum and dark energy in the phenomena of various scales. The electromagnetic ether in relation to electromagnetic waves is only environment in which they propagate, not their carrier, as for classical ether of the nineteenth century. Other properties of electromagnetic ether are considered. In particular, it is shown that ether is carrier of gravitational field. Connection between properties of the ether and some quantum phenomena is also considered.

Quantum ether: Photons and electrons from a rotor model

Physical Review B, 2006

We give an example of a purely bosonic model -a rotor model on the 3D cubic lattice -whose low energy excitations behave like massless U (1) gauge bosons and massless Dirac fermions. This model can be viewed as a "quantum ether": a medium that gives rise to both photons and electrons. It illustrates a general mechanism for the emergence of gauge bosons and fermions known as "stringnet condensation." Other, more complex, string-net condensed models can have excitations that behave like gluons, quarks and other particles in the standard model. This suggests that photons, electrons and other elementary particles may have a unified origin: string-net condensation in our vacuum.

Ether of the Maxwell's Wave Equation is the Unified Field for Physics

Fundamental Research and Application of Physical Science, 2023

The key purpose of this chapter is to provide extensive examples and rationale to overcome the currently prevailing resistance to accept the physical reality of Cosmic Ether. We identify this integrative power of Ether, first, by redefining nature's action generating parameters of this energetic tension field as the electric-tension,

A new model of ether reproducing electromagnetic phenomena, including gravity

This paper is based on the results obtained in our previous articles where an error has been found in Michelson's analysis of his interferometer experiment, even though Einstein relied on it, while developing the Special Relativity Theory, in which he eliminated ether from physics. Our own results imply that ether can exist. We have also validated the hypothesis that Coulomb's law would better describe the complex reality, including ether, by adding other terms to the actual term in r-2. As such, the force that exists between two distant dipoles, when computed with a modified version Coulomb's law, depends on r-2 , as in Newton's law. Numerically, the two forces were practically equal given that the gravitation consists of electromagnetic interactions. For ether's composition, we proposed the HM16 model, in which the constituents etherons α and β are placed in the nodes of a crystalline network with a cell of approximately 10-27 m, then subject to manifesting forces of mutual attraction/rejection. Ether behaves as an ideal mechanism in the form of a perpetuum mobile. The microparticles MPs consisted of local zones of ether where an energy intake induced a state of vibrating or vortex motion. The vibrant MPs, having electrical charges, will transmit fundamental vibrations FV in ether around the MPs, which have a finite velocity c F. Stationary FV vibrations do not transmit energy in the continuous infinite ether, but they do create interaction forces between MPs of an electric (modified Coulomb forces) and magnetic nature. A MP passing through two energetic levels will expel (or absorb) a special MP, namely, the F photon, which moves through the ether at the speed of light c, which is a property granted by the ether, and forms electromagnetic EM waves that transmit energy in ether. The F photon can be constituted similar to an MP, which creates its own FV vibrations in ether. It is likely that the two velocities c F and c will not be equal. As we consider that c F > c, velocity c F corresponds to the " gravitational " waves resulting from the interaction between the electric dipoles produced by the completed Coulomb's law. The HM16 model of ether can explain the nature of an electric field in terms of volumetric ε strains of ether, while the nature of the magnetic field can be explained by distortional γ strains of ether. The HM16 model can also explain the various interactions between EM waves and MPs, as well as collisions between MPs.