Schmuckkollektionen an der mittleren Donau (original) (raw)
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Philipp A. Sutner (Hg.), Landhandelsrouten. Adern des Waren- und Ideenaustauschs. 500 v. – 1500 n. Chr. (Expansion - Interkation - Akkulturation Bd. 41), 2023
When the Danube trade, which had flourished in Roman antiquity, was restored in the 9th and 10th centuries, it could not compete with the maritime trade routes through the Baltic and the Mediterranean sea. Nevertheless, it linked a vast hinterland in Central and Eastern Europe via the Rhine, the Alpine passes, and the Black Sea to the transcontinental trade routes of the early Middle Ages .
New dendrochronological and radiocarbon data change considerably our image of the historical context of the building of early medieval hillforts connected with the rise and the decline of the Great Moravian principality. Between 2005 and 2010, the University of Frankfurt am Main and the Archaeological Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences jointly carried out excavations, geomagnetic prospecting and archaeometric investigations in nine strongholds of western Slovakia. Probably the biggest hillfort of Central Europe (diameter 1.7 km/1.2 miles), Bíňa on the Gran River was formerly considered a military encampment of the Hungarian King Stephen I (around 1000 AD). It now turns out to have been built in the decades around 800 AD. Its historical background is still unclear. On the Nitra castle hill, a palisade enclosure probably dates to the time when the first known local ruler, Pribina, was expulsed from his seat by his enemy Mojmir I. (833 AD). Three medium large hillforts (Majcichov, Bojná and very probably Pobedim) of the type traditionally dated to the pre-Great Moravian period turned out in fact to belong to the very end of the Great Moravian period and to the process of that realm’s destruction by Hungarian raids around 900 AD. In Bratislava, the fortress of Brezalauspurc, described as the site in whose vicinity Bavaria and the Hungarians fought a disastrous battle in 907 AD, was rebuilt or in large part reconstructed by the Polish ruler Bolesław Chrobry around 1000 AD.
Political Functions of urban Spaces and Town Types through the Ages, ed. by Roman Czaja (Toruń) – Zdzisław Noga (Cracow) – Ferdinand Opll (Vienna) – Martin Scheutz (Vienna), 2019
Synthetic view on the oldest TOWN HALLS in Bohemia, Moravia, Upper and Low Austria and in the Kingdom of Hungary. There was only 1 certain town hall in the large region before 1300 (in Vienna). Until 1350 existed 4 (or 5), in ca 1400 there were already 31-37 and in 1450 ca 64-71. Most of the town halls were in Austrian cities (ca. in 50% of the urban settlements), in Bohemia and Moravia there were town halls in ca. 20% of the towns and the smallest number was probably in towns of the Hungarian Kingdom (only in ca. 10% of the towns). The seats of community representation changed (grew) hand in hand with increasing social groups wanted to participate in community politics (from small room for Inner-Rat, through "Festsäle" for äußeren Rat to the festivity loggias opening the rooms of the representativs to a broad public at the market places).