Indulgences: A History of Theology and Reality of Indulgences and Purgatory (original) (raw)
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Contemporary Catholic Echoes of the Condemnation of Indulgences by Martin Luther
Although in the course of events the controversies at the time of the Reformation left aside the subject of indulgences to focus on more important issues, traditionally the beginning of Reformation or, at least, a decisive moment of it is considered to be the Disputation on the Power of Indulgences (the so-called Ninety-five Theses), written by Martin Luther in 1517. Certain abuses denounced by him were removed by the Catholic Church half a century later, but the dogmatic definition of indulgences has remained unchanged for well over five centuries. Nowadays, Pope Francis seems to accept in the official documents the definition of indulgences as offered by the famous German Jesuit theologian, Karl Rahner, back in the 1960’s; at that time, this definition could not find its way in the Church documents that still kept the traditional one, though adding certain nuances and specifications. The heart of the matter, however, is not represented by Church abuses committed towards the end of the Middle Ages, as by differences between the Lutheran and Catholic theology on the subject of penance; Luther, for instance, does not accept satisfaction as an element of reconciliation with God, as in the Catholic theology. Karl Rahner developed a theology of penance that excludes the idea of vicarious substitution, which comes near to Luther’s theology on the subject. If Karl Rahner’s definition of indulgences would be explicitly accepted in the official Church documents, that would lead to their abolition, as they could lose their actual meaning.
The Concept of Purgatory in Catholicism
2019
In outlining the concept of Purgatory according to the view of Catholicism and has become a doctrine is a place, condition or process where the souls of the dead from the bad things they did compile them are still alive, so make it easy to go to heaven. However, two of the biggest Protestant branches, Lutherans and Calvinists, refused. The method used by the author is a library research method that is sourced from several papers issued by Christians. While discussing the author in research analysis, the author uses historical-analysis (historical-analysis) to facilitate the writer in tracing historical analysis with several concepts offered by Christians. Related to these goals. What follows is a discussion that contradicts the theological concept of salvation. According to him, with the concept of the death and victory of Christ, Christians have been saved, so what else is Purgatory as the path that must be passed to achieve salvation. How to make a difference of opinion about the ...
Prayers, Penance, and Purgatory: Exalting the Grace of God By Turning Sinners into Saints
2020
This short paper examines the Catholic doctrine of Purgatory and various objections to it, namely those of John Calvin. A place of punishment after death to make restitution for sins according to various Protestant denominations detracts from the saving work of Christ on the cross. However, by examining early saints, Church fathers, Scripture, and ruminating on the nature of grace, one comes to the conclusion not only that Purgatory is incredibly Christian but also enhances, not detracts, from God's grace.
Term Paper, 2020
The Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church have many similar points in their teaching on the state of the dead. Both churches share faith in the immortality of the soul and the posthumous retribution in the form of the heavenly bliss or the torments of hell. Moreover, both churches recognize the need for prayer for the dead in order to facilitate their afterlife. Nevertheless, Orthodox theologians strongly rejected the Catholic concept of purgatory on the Ferrara-Florence Council (1438-1439). What factors played a decisive role in this doctrinal conflict? The purpose of the study is to consider and critically analyze the historical and theological factors that led to a polemic on the issue of purgatory between Catholic and Orthodox theologians at the Ferrara-Florence Council.