The Virtue in Bankruptcy (original) (raw)

BANKRUPTING HIGHER EDUCATION

Many institutions of higher education are struggling financially and would benefit from the use of bankruptcy reorganization tools designed to enable struggling enterprises to restore themselves to a state of financial viability. This essential set of tools for responding to financial distress is available only in bankruptcy reorganizations and Congress has effectively precluded colleges and universities from having access to them. This Article argues that this is a mistake and is premised upon an outdated and unsupported premise. It contributes to the nascent literature on higher education bankruptcy proceedings by examining how differences among the three primary organizational structures of institutions of higher education affect whether and under what circumstances institutions of higher education should be allowed to reorganize through bankruptcy. This Article argues that the profound differences in how colleges are organized greatly affect whether bankruptcy reorganization is appropriate for each type of institution. It concludes that for-profit colleges are most likely to benefit from access to bankruptcy reorganization, public colleges would likely benefit least from having bankruptcy reorganization available, and the myriad far-reaching benefits of granting all institutions of higher education the right to reorganize under the bankruptcy law far outweighs any potential risks.

The Shadow Bankruptcy System

This article exposes and explores a puzzle at the heart of the current economic crisis: The surprising under-use, and increasing misuse, of Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code, the principal legal system for salvaging troubled businesses. The answer offered here: The rise of the shadow bankruptcy system. "Shadow bankruptcy" describes the severely under-regulated non-bank financial institutions (e.g., hedge funds, private equity funds and investment banks) that increasingly dominate and manipulate Chapter 11 reorganizations. Like the "shadow banking" system for which it is named, shadow bankruptcy thrives on and promotes opacity and undisclosed, possibly perverse, incentives. Shadow bankruptcy players exploit regulatory gaps to conceal their identities and motives, and so increase the uncertainty, complexity - and thus the cost - of negotiations to restructure distressed firms; they burden judicial resources through internecine fights of little benefit...

Failure's Futures: Controlling the Market for Information in Corporate Reorganization

2008

This Article identifies and explores an important gap in bankruptcy theory and policy, with significant implications for the coming wave of major business failures: How to manage information about financially distressed businesses? The paper makes three claims. First, Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code plays a unique informational role, as it creates mechanisms to explain a debtor's failure and to promote reinvestment. Second, the information functions performed by this system face internal and external threats. Internally, bankruptcy reorganization increasingly resembles an unregulated securities market, dominated by sophisticated, wealthy investors whose motives and strategies are often highly opaque. Their ability to arbitrage information will have profound effects on business failure. Externally, growing transactional complexity, and a reluctance to subject very large failed businesses-e.g., Bear Stearnsto bankruptcy, threaten to undermine bankruptcy's ability to expose complex and questionable financial practices. Third, these threats to bankruptcy's informationforcing functions will have systemic costs. The Article concludes with several recommendations about how to approach information policy in business failure.

Fighting Fiction with Fiction: The New Federalism in (a Tobacco Company) Bankruptcy

This article examines the effect that recent shifts in federalism jurisprudence may have on the chapter 11 reorganizations of large corporate debtors with significant, non-tax debts to states. The thesis of the article is that, by orienting our analysis of state/federal relations around "power," we have made immunity unpredictable in the bankruptcy reorganization context. Using the example of a tobacco company in a chapter 11 reorganization, this article assesses three strands of the "new federalism": (i) immunity from federal court jurisdiction under such decisions as Alden, Seminole, Florida Prepaid and College Savings Bank; (ii) diminishing Congressional power to regulate within "traditional" state spheres under such cases as Lopez and Morrison; and (iii) state freedom from Congressional "commandeering" under such cases as Printz and New York. If these decisions are about shifting power from the national to the state governments, then it is...

Terminating Tenure: Rejecting Tenure Contracts in Bankruptcy

Many institutions of higher education are in dire financial straits and will close, merge, or file for bankruptcy in the near future. This Article considers the effect of bankruptcy laws on the ability of higher education institutions to restructure their workforces and, in particular, the impact that a bankruptcy filing may have on tenured professors. It also addresses how some tenured professors may be able to complicate their employer's reorganization to their own strategic advantage.

The Expressive Function of Directors’ Duties to Creditors

This Article offers an explanation of the "doctrine" of directors' duties to creditors. Courts frequently say--but rarely hold--that corporate directors owe duties to or for the benefit of corporate creditors when the corporation is in distress. These cases are puzzling for at least two reasons. First, they link fiduciary duty to priority in right of payment, effectively treating creditors as if they were shareholders, at least for certain purposes. But this ignores the fact that priority is a complex and volatile concept. Moreover, contract and other rights at law usually protect creditors, even (especially) when a firm is distressed. It is thus not surprising that courts do not in fact want to treat directors as fiduciaries for creditors, except in extreme cases. But this leaves us with the second puzzle: If directors are rarely treated as fiduciaries for creditors, why have the Delaware courts bothered to say so much about this, especially in their recent opinions?T...

Fighting for the Debtor's Soul: Regulating Religious Commercial Conduct

2011

Abstract Although courts often think of religion in terms of faith, prayer, and conscience, many religious groups are increasingly looking to religion as a source of law, commerce, and contract. As a result, courts are being called upon to regulate conduct that is simultaneously religious and commercial.

Debt and Democracy: Towards a Constitutional Theory of Bankruptcy

This article examines the relationship between bankruptcy and constitutional law. Article I, § 8, cl. 4 of the Constitution provides that Congress shall have the power to make "uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies." While there are many good social, political and economic theories of bankruptcy, there has been surprisingly little effort to explore what it means to have constitutionalized financial distress. This article is a first step in that direction.Constitutional problems with bankruptcy are not new, but present three under-appreciated puzzles: First, why have we put a bankruptcy power in the Constitution, and what does its "peculiar" language mean? Second, how should this power interact with structural features of our constitutional system, whether vertical (vis-à-vis states) or horizontal (vis-à-vis other branches)? Third, how should we resolve competitions between this power and substantive protections involving, for example, property, due process,...

Understanding Failure: Examiners and the Bankruptcy Reorganization of Large Public Companies

This paper presents hand-collected docket-level and interview data on the use of examiners in large chapter 11 reorganizations. “Examiners” are private individuals appointed by the Unites States Trustee at the direction of a Bankruptcy Court to investigate and report on the causes of a company’s failure. Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code provides that examiners “shall” be appointed if requested in any case involving, among other things, more than $5 million in certain types of unsecured debt. In creating this position, Congress apparently expected examiners to be ubiquitous in the reorganization of large, public companies. In fact, they are rarely sought, and even less frequently appointed. Analysis of 576 of the largest chapter 11 reorganizations from 1991 to 2007 shows they were requested in only 15% of cases. Despite the seemingly mandatory language of the Bankruptcy Code, they were appointed in fewer than half of the cases where sought, or less than 7% of the sample. The infrequ...