Study of Bacterial Vaginosis in Women of Reproductive Age Group in Southern Odisha (original) (raw)
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Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare
BACKGROUND Vaginal discharge is very common problem among females. Alteration in balance of normal vaginal organisms can cause the overgrowth of the bacteria that creates vaginal discharge. It is common among sexually active women yet there still remain gaps in our knowledge of this infectious disorder. Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) also called no-specific vaginitis develops when the normally predominant peroxide producing lactobacillus species in the vagina are replaced by mixed predominantly anaerobic flora consisting of Gardnerella vaginalis, Mycoplasma hominis, Mobiluncus species, Bacteroides species, Prevotela species, Peptostreptococcus species, Fusobacterium species and Porphyromonas species. The present study was conducted to know the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis in sexually active females coming with the chief complaint of vaginal discharge to Obstetrics and Gynaecological OPD Bihar.
BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS IN INDIAN WOMEN IN THE REPRODUCTIVE AGE GROUP
Background: Bacterial vaginosis is a vaginal infection in women in the reproductive age group with complex change in vaginal flora. Many women are asymptomatic but some women present with abnormal vaginal discharge. It can lead to complications like preterm birth, infertility, post partum endometritis and first trimester loss. Nugent's criteria are used to diagnose bacterial vaginosis. Objectives: This study was done with the objective of analyzing the type of bacteria causing vaginosis in different age groups during the reproductive period of a woman's life. 100 women with vaginal discharge (test group) and 50 women (control group) attending the gynaecology outpatient for other problems were included in the study. Three high vaginal swabs were taken and examined for clue cells and mobiluncus spp. pH of the vaginal secretions was noted. Gram stain was done to quantify bacterial morphotypes. Diagnosis was done using the Nugent's scoring system. Results: A significantly high incidence (p<0.05) was found in the test group. 53% of women with vaginal discharge were in the age group of 21-30 years indicating that vaginosis is very common in the early reproductive years. Mobiluncus spp. was found only in the test group. 46% had an abnormal Nugent's score and 53% of test group women had all the 4 criteria to diagnose as bacterial vaginosis. Conclusion: Screening asymptomatic women and quantifying the bacteria in symptomatic patients to provide appropriate treatment would reduce the incidence and prevalence of bacterial vaginosis in the population.
International journal of applied research, 2018
Introduction: Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a condition of vaginal flora imbalance, in which the typically plentiful Lactobacillus are scarce and other bacteria, such as Gardnerella vaginalis, and anaerobes (e.g. Mobiluncus, Bacteroides), are overly abundant. BV has been related to many complications of pregnancy including PID, endometritis, amniotic fluid infection, preterm delivery (up to 40 percent of premature births), preterm labour, PROM, and, possibly, spontaneous abortion. Certain factors or behaviours that increase a woman’s risk of BV during pregnancy include race, sexual activity, socioeconomic status, maternal stress. The present study aimed to screen both symptomatic and asymptomatic pregnant women for BV and to determine any associated risk factors. Materials and methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, a total of 160 pregnant women at various periods of gestation were screened for bacterial vaginosis by simple random sampling during their routine antenatal vi...
Infection Epidemiology and Microbiology
Backgrounds: Abnormal vaginal discharge is a common problem among pregnant women. The most common cause of these discharges is bacterial vaginosis (BV), which has numerous complications and causes problems for pregnant mothers and their fetuses. The purpose of this study was to determine the BV frequency among pregnant women referring to a gynecology clinic in Arak city using Amsel and Nugent criteria, Alberta guideline, and PCR. Materials & Methods: This descriptive study was performed on 70 vaginal samples of pregnant women in Arak to investigate the most common causes of vaginal discharge according to Amsel and Nugent criteria and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method using specific primers targeted towards three bacteria: Gardnerella vaginalis, Atopobium vaginae, Mobiluncus curtisii. Data were analyzed using SPSS software and Chi-square test. Findings: In this study, ten (14.28%) out of 70 pregnant women had positive bacterial vaginosis according to Amsel criteria. According to Nugent criteria and Alberta guideline, three (4.29%) cases were diagnosed with definite BV, 20 (32.26%) cases with intermediate BV with clue cells, 42 (67.74%) cases with intermediate BV without clue cells, and finally five (4.29%) cases with negative BV. Also, according to PCR, the frequency of G. vaginalis, M. curtisii, and A. vaginae in vaginal samples was 71.42% (50 cases), 64.28% (45 cases), and 30% (21 cases), respectively. Conclusion: According to the obtained results, the prevalence of definite bacterial vaginosis was lower than that of vaginitis, and most patients suffered from nonspecific vaginitis.
Journal of Rawalpindi Medical College, 2020
Objectives: To determine the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis among females of reproductive age and assessment of the effectiveness of pH and the Whiff test in its diagnosis. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. A total of 100 subjects were included, coming with a complaint of vaginal discharge. The bacterial vaginosis was diagnosed by using the Nugent scoring system, Whiff and pH tests. The prevalence was calculated by descriptive statistics and using the Chi-square test and results were shown in percentages and mean with standard deviation. Results: The estimated prevalence of bacterial vaginosis among the local population of females of child-bearing age was found to be 39%. The mean age of females with bacterial vaginosis was 33.33±10.46 years. The Whiff test was positive in 89.74% cases, while pH was elevated in 94.87% females with bacterial vaginosis. Conclusion: Bacterial vaginosis is a frequent cause of vaginal discharge in females of reproductive age in Pakistan. The diagnosis can be easily made by using Whiff and pH tests even at resource-poor settings.
Factor Associated to Bacterial Vaginosis in Non-pregnant Women of North Indian Population
Journal of Biotechnology & Biomaterials, 2015
Bacterial vaginosis is currently the most prevalent cause of vaginal infection and vaginal discharge among the sexually active women. Bacterial vaginosis is a complex microbiological disease. Therefore, we aimed to determine the association of risk factors for bacterial vaginosis patients. In the prospective study, we enrolled a total of 300 nonpregnant women. One hundred and twenty six women were positive for bacterial vaginosis, confirmed by Amsel's criteria and Nugent's scoring. One hundred and seventy four women were unrelated control. Frequency of intrauterine contraceptive device differed significantly between bacterial vaginosis and healthy individuals (29.4% versus 17.2%, p=0.017; OR=1.70). Individuals with a sexual transmitted disease in partners was conferred significantly higher risk for bacterial vaginosis (p=0.001, OR=8.28). However, use of contraception, vaginal douching, and use of condom did not modulate the risk of bacterial vaginosis. Individuals with the use of intrauterine contraceptive device and presence of sexual transmitted disease in partners conferred a higher risk for bacterial vaginosis.
Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2016
BACKGROUND Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common cause of abnormal vaginal discharge among women of child bearing age and is associated with adverse obstetric and gynaecologic outcomes. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of BV by use of Nugent's criteria and to identify modifiable and nonmodifiable, the risk factors associated with BV in women of reproductive age. METHODOLOGY A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted from January 2013 to December 2013, among women of child bearing age with complaints of vaginal discharge, attending Gynaecology and Obstetric OPD at UPRIMS & R, Saifai, Etawah. Bacterial morphotypes indicative of BV were identified by Nugent's criteria. A pre-coded questionnaire was used to collect demographic and behavioural characteristics (including contraceptive usage, douching practice) in the study participants. DATA ANALYSIS Bivariate and multivariate analyses by logistic regression method performed. Crude Odds ratio and Adjusted Odds Ratio for the association between BV and demographic or behavioural characteristics was calculated using Poisson regression. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV were calculated keeping Nugent score of 7 for BV as 'Gold standard.' RESULTS A prevalence of 31.5.0%, (95% CI 25.6-38.2) was obtained from the study population. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of Amsler's criteria for clinical diagnosis of BV was 67.7%, 89.39%, 74.58% and 85.02% respectively. Low socioeconomic status including occupation, illiteracy, Intrauterine Contraceptive Device (IUCD) usage, douching practice and condom usage were significantly associated with BV. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of BV was 31.5% in this population. Concordance between Amsel's criteria and Nugent's was low (67.67%). Among individual Amsel's parameters, vaginal pH >4.5 had highest sensitivity (84.61%) and demonstration of 'Clue Cell' was most specific (92.2%). Risk factors for BV ought to be evaluated in larger population for development of interventional strategies.
IP innovative publication pvt. ltd, 2019
Introduction: Vaginal discharge is a normal physiological discharge which is usually white or clear, non-offensive and varies with menstrual cycle. Abnormal vaginal discharge if untreated can lead to cervicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, urinary tract infection and also infertility. As abnormal vaginal discharge presents vaguely in a clinical set up, diagnosis is made by laboratory confirmation for rapid identification of causative pathogens and appropriate treatment. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study where records of clinically suspected vaginitis/cervicitis cases from Jan 2016 till June 2018 were studied. History, general examination findings, per speculum and pelvic examination findings, investigations performed and treatment given were collected for these cases and the data was analyzed. The amount, odor, color, pH and consistency of vaginal discharge were noted. Three high vaginal swabs were taken from every patient using sterile swab sticks and labeled. The tests include: saline wet mount, KOH mount and Grams stain. Bacterial vaginosis was diagnosed using the Amsel's clinical criteria and standard microbiological techniques. The collected samples were also cultured on MacConkey’s agar, Blood agar and Sabouraud’s Dextrose agar for aerobic bacterial and fungal cultures respectively. The antibiotic sensitivity testing of all isolates was performed by Kirby Bauer’s disc diffusion method on Muller Hinton agar and interpreted as per CLSI guidelines. Results: This is a retrospective study where records of clinically suspected vaginitis/cervicitis cases were studied. A total of 1680 clinically suspected vaginitis/cervicitis case records were collected in this study. Out of 1680 cases, only 475 (28.27%) cases were positive for growth of a pathogen and the remaining 1205 (71.72%) cases either showed no growth or no pathogens were isolated. Bacterial vaginosis was diagnosed in 120 (7.14%) cases and trichomoniasis was diagnosed in 51 (3.03%) cases. Out of the 475 samples positive for growth, most common isolate was Escherichia coli (195, 41.05%), followed by Coagulase negative staphylococcus (130, 27.36%). Conclusion: Escherichia coli was the most common organism causing infection in our study population followed by Coagulase negative staphylococcus. Clinical diagnosis along with complete microbiological evaluation is necessary to determine the causative agents of vaginal infections for appropriate management.