Revolution and socio-economic change in the Ottoman periphery. The case of the island of Crete in 1821, in Empires and Peninsulas. Southeastern Europe between Carlowitz and the Peace of Andrianople, 1699-1829, Plamen Mitev, Ivan Parvev, Vania Racheva (eds.), Lit Verlag, 2010, pp.178-190 (original) (raw)
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The Greek Revolution 200 Years On: New Perspectives and Legacies
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Muslim exodus and land redistribution in Autonomous Crete (1898–1913)
Mediterranean Historical Review, 2011
This article focuses on the land redistribution on the island of Crete during the Autonomy period (1898-1913). Following the massive Muslim departure in 1898 and 1899, the acquisition of Muslim land by the Christian majority became a reality mainly through private borrowing at high rates of interest. In the first years of Autonomy the leading groups in the cities and the countryside functioned as private lenders since the two credit institutions (the Public Benefit Foundations and the Bank of Crete) were either controlled by them or unable to respond to the over-demand for loans. With the passage of time, land purchase was facilitated by the economic recovery of the population and the more efficient operation of the credit institutions. Thus, a great part of the Christian population of Crete purchased land and the small landownership regime (underway since the revolution of 1821) was enhanced before the island's incorporation into the Greek state (1913).
THE CHARACTER OF THE GREEK REVOLUTION OF 1821
Yearbook of University of World and National Economy , 2022
The article explains the social conditions and changes that were taking place in the Balkans during the Ottoman Empire. These changes were slow in the 15 th and 16 th centuries, became somewhat faster during the 17 th , and accelerated in the last quarter of the 18th century. That is the period of the Industrial Revolution and the domination of capitalism in Western Europe. The article details this transformation and the maturation of the rupture conditions within the Ottoman Empire that gave rise to the Greek Revolution of 1821. Particular attention is paid to the emerging social classes and their distinct roles in the revolution. The article concludes by arguing that although the Greek Revolution of 1821 possesses its idiosyncratic features, nevertheless it bears notable similarities to the French Revolution.
2013
During the years that followed the establishment at the southwestern corner of the Empire of the Greek State in 1830, the ottoman presence in Europe remained virtually unchallenged. The reforms (tanzimat) pursued from 1839 to 1876 following a series of domestic revolts and international interventions considerably contributed towards this direction. These reforms entrenched to a certain extent the rights of Empire’s non-Muslim populations seeking their incorporation and subsequently the safeguarding of the Empire’s integrity. However, in July 1878, the Ottoman Empire suffered considerable territorial losses in the aftermath of the Berlin Conference. In Crete, in August of the same year, negotiations started in the suburb of Chalepa between representatives of the Sublime Port and of the Cretan population with the participation of an envoy of the Great Powers. In October, the Chalepa Pact was signed. This Pact established a new political model in Crete that sought the conditional preservation of the Ottoman suzerainty over the island and its potential implementation in other European provinces of the Empire in case of success. The relative liberalization, the subtle democratization and the partial autonomy of the island from the Ottoman center instituted a new status quo that went far beyond the initial intentions of the Sublime Porte as they upset the ethnic and religious equilibrium. In fact, the new regime provided the Christians with considerable political authority that, combined with the long-term trend of the second half of the 19th century of Christian socio-economic empowerment, brought new rules to the Cretan society.
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International Journal of Social Science and Human Research, 2021
The aim of the present study is to discuss one of the first episodes of the Greek War of Independence that took place in the Aegean Sea in 1822, which ended at the devastation of Chios Island and the defeat of its inhabitants. In this framework the organization of the campaign is examined, the course of the military operations and the final outcome. The importance of the study lies in the fact that it examines the events not in the light of the local history of Chios island but in the broader context of the Greek Revolution and the impact the events had on European public opinion.
Mediterranean Historical Review, 2011
This article focuses on the land redistribution on the island of Crete during the Autonomy period (1898–1913). Following the massive Muslim departure in 1898 and 1899, the acquisition of Muslim land by the Christian majority became a reality mainly through private borrowing at high rates of interest. In the first years of Autonomy the leading groups in the cities and the countryside functioned as private lenders since the two credit institutions (the Public Benefit Foundations and the Bank of Crete) were either controlled by them or unable to respond to the over-demand for loans. With the passage of time, land purchase was facilitated by the economic recovery of the population and the more efficient operation of the credit institutions. Thus, a great part of the Christian population of Crete purchased land and the small landownership regime (underway since the revolution of 1821) was enhanced before the island's incorporation into the Greek state (1913).