A systematic procedure to enhance reproducibility of SWASV cycles in the determination of toxic metals in real samples (original) (raw)

Non-specific methods for detecting residues of cleaning agents during cleaning validation

Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly, 2011

Cleaning validation procedures are carried out in order to assure that residues of cleaning agents are within acceptable limits after the cleaning process. Cleaning agents often consist of a mixture of various surfactants which are in a highly diluted state after the water rinsing procedure has been completed. This makes it difficult to find appropriate analytical methods that are sensitive enough to detect the cleaning agents. In addition, it is advantageous for the analytical methods to be simple to perform and to give results quickly. In this study, three different non-specific analytical methods are compared: visual detection of foam, pH and conductivity measurements. The analyses were performed on different dilutions of the cleaning agents Bactericidal Hydroclean and Tickopur R33. The results demonstrated that the most appropriate method for these detergents is conductivity measurements, by which it is possible to detect concentrations of cleaning agents down to 10 ?g/ml. In th...

A novel surface cleaning method for chemical removal of fouling lead layer from chromium surfaces

Applied Surface Science, 2010

In this research, an orthogonal array design (OAD), OA9 was exploited as a chemometric experimental method for the cleaning of chromium surfaces contamination by using an electrochemical cleaner solution that is established upon the redox reaction principle. The influence of cleaning procedure on the removal of lead fouling layer has been investigated by means of SEM/EDAX and ICP analysis. In order to estimate of the main effect of some experimental parameters, we examined the procedure with a statistical method and the results were quantitavely evaluated by the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The OAD estimation of experimental result provides optimized amount of the parameters including, H O 10% (V/V), stirring speed of the mixture 75 rpm 2 2 and temperature 28°C, to achieve the most cleaned sample, at which the total removal time of 3 g fouling lead layer is predicted only 7 minutes. The prediction has a complete conformity with experimental result achieve at the similar condition that is 8 minutes. Also, the reaction rate constant of the lead bar oxidation at optimum condition was obtained from the ICP spectroscopy data that proposed by Ostwald approximation method. Finally, the results of this study illustrated that the efficiency of the proposed chemometric cleaning method is higher than that our partner sequential experimental technique.

Removal Rates of Major and Trace Components of an Organic Film Using Aqueous Nonionic Surfactant Solutions

Ind Eng Chem Res, 1999

This work examines the cleaning of organic films composed of a primary component (abietic acid) mixed with trace amounts of a second contaminant (benzoic acid). Films were removed from a rotating disk in the presence of aqueous solutions of two poly(ethylene glycol) alkyl ether surfactants: C 12 E 5 and C 16 E 8. With C 12 E 5 the abietic acid was removed from the disk in three successive cleaning stagesssolubilization, shear removal, and rollupswhereas the benzoic acid was almost completely removed during the initial solubilization stage. Also, with C 12 E 5 the results show that the micellar solubilization rate of the trace contaminant is directly proportional to its concentration in the film. The ratio of the molar removal rates of benzoic acid to abietic acid with C 12 E 5 is an order of magnitude greater than the ratio of the mole fractions of the two components in the contaminant film. Solutions of C 16 E 8 removed the abietic acid by only the solubilization and rollup stages. The ratio of the molar removal rates of benzoic acid to abietic acid with C 16 E 8 was equal to the ratio of the mole fractions of the two components in the contaminant film. A mathematical model is proposed to quantify the simultaneous removal of benzoic acid and abietic acid during the micellar solubilization stage. The model takes into account the mass-transfer rate between the film and the bulk solution, as well as the micellization rates at the film/surfactant solution interface. The model adequately represents the experimental data.

Dirty-Hold Time Effect on the Cleaning Process Efficiency

Procedia Engineering, 2012

The paper evaluated the efficiency of a standard cleaning procedure of the process equipment after production of antihypertensive with the active component Losartan Potassium for different lengths of time between completion of production and the start of the treatment processso called dirty-hold time. It has been found that the cleaning process is appropriately designed and efficient. The concentration of losartan in swabs from the equipments was in all cases within the limits of acceptance criteria. However, the washing process was in all cases sufficiently effective to meet the eligibility criteria, significant effect of the time of weaning of the contaminated equipment on the efficiency of the washing process was found. At studied dirty hold time horizon (0-4 days) there was a progressive deterioration of the efficiency of the cleaning process. It was found that the influence of the nature of the residual material on the cleaning process has minor effect then the length of the dirty hold time. Laboratory experiments provide comparable results for both wet and dry contamination of the surface.

A repeatable biofilm removal assay and its application in the assessment of commercial cleaning formulations for medical devices

Healthcare Infection, 2008

Bacterial biofilms are an important target of cleaning protocols for reusable medical devices. One approach to assess the efficacy of chemical cleaning formulations against this challenging type of soil is to grow biofilm of a specific strain on test coupons and measure the amount of biofilm removed after coupons have been immersed in a cleaning solution or control solution. This study reports on a comparison of four commercial formulations and two defined solutions in a biofilm removal assay. Biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 25619) were grown on polytetrafluoroethylene coupons in a stirred reactor. A crystal violet assay was used to measure percent reduction of biofilm from test coupons by four commercial formulations and two defined solutions (sodium hydroxide and Tween 20). There was a significant pairwise difference between all treatments (P < 0.05), other than one of the commercial formulations (3M RMEC 70505) and sodium hydroxide. A high level of repeatability was achieved with coefficients of variation from 1 to 19% for the different treatments. The repeatability of this method may allow an objective assessment of biofilm removal efficacy of commercial formulations used for cleaning medical devices.

Gold cleaning methods for electrochemical detection applications

2009

This work investigates methods for obtaining reliably clean gold film surfaces. Nine gold cleaning methods are investigated here: UV ozone photoreactor; potassium hydroxide-hydrogen peroxide; potassium hydroxide potential sweep; sulfuric acid hydrogen peroxide; sulfuric acid potential cycling; hydrochloric acid potential cycling; dimethylamine borane reducing agent solutions at 25 and 65°C; and a dilute form of Aqua Regia. Peak-current potential-differences obtained from cyclic voltammetry and charge transfer resistance obtained from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, as well as X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy are used to characterize surface cleanliness. A low peak-current potential-difference and charge transfer resistance indicates a cleaner surface, as does a higher percentage of elemental gold on the electrode surface. The potassium hydroxide potential sweep method is found to leave the gold surface the cleanest overall.

Investigation of the Processing Parameters on the Chemical Cleaning of Fouling Lead Layer from Chromium Surfaces by Using an Orthogonal Array Design Method

2012

4 Abstract: In this research, an orthogonal array design (OAD), OA9 was exploited as a chemometric experimental method for the cleaning of chromium surfaces contamination by using an electrochemical cleaner solution that is established upon the redox reaction principle. The influence of cleaning procedure on the removal of lead fouling layer has been investigated by means of SEM/EDAX and ICP analysis. In order to estimate of the main effect of some experimental parameters, we examined the procedure with a statistical method and the results were quantitavely evaluated by the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The OAD estimation of experimental result provides optimized amount of the parameters including, H O 10% (V/V), stirring speed of the mixture 75 rpm 22 and temperature 28°C, to achieve the most cleaned sample, at which the total removal time of 3 g fouling lead layer is predicted only 7 minutes. The prediction has a complete conformity with experimental result achieve at the similar ...