Some Studies on Photon – A Review (original) (raw)
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Proposal for a New Photon's Model
2023
The electrodynamic basis of gravity requires that the explanation of the deflection of a light ray by a gravitational field be based on the extension to the photon of a property of matter, i.e. its content of electric charges, even if globally neutral. In the case of matter, electric charges are recognized in the content of quarks, antiquarks and electrons that make up the atomic nucleus and the electronic shell of an atom. An article of the same author dedicated to the aforementioned theory shows how, by associating also the photon with a pair of charges with a net zero value, but globally proportional to its energy, exactly the measured value is obtained for the light deflected by the solar gravitational field. In this document a definition of the photon's model is given which is coherent and compatible with what has been said and, in our opinion, with the QED. The main assumption on which the model is based is that the splitting phenomenon of a photon into a pair of virtual particles, for example an electron and a positron, also occurs when the photon is in free flight. The gravitational force responsible for the deflection of the light thus acts on the pair of particles in the short time preceding their recombination into the original photon.
The article considers physical properties of photon as a quantum of electromagnetic wave in luminiferous medium. An experimental evaluation method for its energy and mass based on radiation pressure effect was presented. The of “photon amplitude” concept was introduced, through which energy is represented similarly to quantum (phonon) energy of elastic mechanical wave. A model of photon as a wave packet in the medium was considered, which based its volume evaluation. The resulting equation for energy corresponds to commonly known, regarding the first degree frequency proportionality, while it is more informative.
A New Theory of the Essence and Mass of Photon
Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology
Many properties of a single photon, such as density, rest mass, and orbital angular momentum, are still unknown. In a previous study, the photon was presented as a superfluid prolate spheroid structure, with a long-axis radius, short-axis radius, and volume, embodied with two spins-transversal and longitudinal-which are responsible for the three-dimensional helical trajectory of the electromagnetic wave. In this study, the rest mass, density, and energy of photon are mathematically derived, and the relationship between the radius of photon and its frequency is demonstrated. In addition, the difference between the Compton and de Broglie wavelengths is clarified. The calculated density, volume, and rest mass of photon agree with previous experimental results. The photon's simultaneous longitudinal and transversal spins are moving forces of longitudinal and transversal trajectories, which are the origin of the three-dimensional helix shape of the electromagnetic field. A new mechanism for the photon movement is proposed, and the reason for the zero mass moving photon is revealed; a traveling photon in space exhibits zero mass because its boundaries demonstrate zero relative velocity with the surrounding vacuum. The orbital angular momentum of photon is described using similar macroscopic rotation concepts and applying hydrodynamics laws. A rotating photon is endowed with an angular velocity vector whose magnitude measures the speed with which the radius of the principal axis sweeps an angle, and whose direction indicates the principal axis of rotation and is given by the right-hand rule. The deviation angle is calculated using trigonometric functions, and the origin of the Lorenz factor is revealed.
2019
It is well known that the photon is only a quanta of electromagnetic radiation. However, there are many myths around the photon in contemporary physics, for example, the photon loses energy when traveling through space. The article explains the basic features of the photon, such as wave-particle duality, the relation between a continuous electromagnetic wave and a quanta, the interaction of electric and magnetic fields, space of photon, speed of light.
2012
Until now, photon is considered as an elementary pa rticle having a dimension that is the same size as its wavelength, which mean s it is a very big, up to hundreds or thousands of kilometers (?); however, its structure never has not been discussed. Is this unfair? By another approach to the nature of inertia phenom enon on point of view “dependent each other existence”, which is caused by the inter action of potential force field between objects, the author is found that “gravitational ma ss” and “inertial mass” are not always the same, but determined by the kind of interaction , in which objects are involved, either gravitation, electromagnetism or nucleus. Supposed that electron and positron are fundamental particles without gravitational interac tion, but only electric interaction, the author proposed a possible structure of the photon . Based on this proposed structure of the photon, al l its properties as well as its relation to other kinds of matter can be explained. Especial...
Photon modeling in gravitation based on electrodynamics
2023
This article describes a model of the photon and its behavior within a gravitational field in accordance with the theory of gravity rooted in electrodynamics. The model correctly describes the deflection that light undergoes when crossing a gravitational field, agreeing exactly with the experimental data. Furthermore, unlike the predictions of general relativity, the model predicts a dependence of the speed of light on the energy of the photon, with the speed decreasing with said energy. It also occurs that for the visible spectrum this effect is imperceptible, whereas for hard photons it might be evident and measurable. One possible consequence could be that astronomical observations of objects emitting in both the visible and the X-ray or gamma spectrum could produce double or multiple images, as they pass through an intense gravitational field.
The substantial model of the photon
Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 411-467, 2017
It is shown that the angular frequency of the photon is nothing else than the averaged angular frequency of revolution of the electron cloud's center during emission and quantum transition between two energy levels in an atom. On assumption that the photon consists of charged particles of the vacuum field (of praons), the substantial model of a photon is constructed. Praons move inside the photon in the same way as they must move in the electromagnetic field of the emitting electron, while internal periodic wave structure is formed inside the photon. The properties of praons, including their mass, charge and speed, are derived in the framework of the theory of infinite nesting of matter. At the same time, praons are part of nucleons and leptons just as nucleons are the basis of neutron stars and the matter of ordinary stars and planets. With the help of the Lorentz transformations, which correlate the laboratory reference frame and the reference frame, co-moving with the praons inside the photon, transformation of the electromagnetic field components is performed. This allows us to calculate the longitudinal magnetic field and magnetic dipole moment of the photon, and to understand the relation between the transverse components of the electric and magnetic fields, connected by a coefficient in the form of the speed of light. The total rest mass of the particles making up the photon is found, it turns out to be inversely proportional to the nuclear charge number of the hydrogen-like atom, which emits the photon. In the presented picture the photon composed of praons moves at a speed less than the speed of light, and it loses the right to be called an elementary particle due to its complex structure.
The atomic structure is presented on the basis of the theory of vortex gravitation. The feasibility and calculation of the values of the density and mass of electromagnetic particles are proposed. A calculation is made, which proves that the photon must have mass. In the calculations, some physical characteristics of electromagnetic particles that are accepted by modern physics are refuted.
A New Theory for the Essence and Structure of the Photon
Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology
A photon is the smallest discrete amount or quantum of electromagnetic radiation, and it is the basic unit of light. It exhibits no shape, "point particle," according to the standard model of particle physics, meaning that a photon interacts as if it is entirely located at a single point in space and does not spread out to fill a three-dimensional volume. In this study, a new theory, in which the photon demonstrates a structure and shape, is proposed based on the perturbed quantum superfluid field (vacuum) in the photon epoch during the first seconds of the Big Bang. Photons are the nonlinear manifestation of Kelvin-Helmholtz instability that induces the formation of elliptical vortices, known as Kida vortices, which are converted to a three-dimensional spheroidal structure that remains unchanged in time and rotates with uniform angular velocity due to Coriolis force. Using hydrodynamics laws and applying them to a superfluid vacuum, the basic properties of the photon are described. Moreover, this study provides mathematical models to calculate the kinetic energy, radius, volume, charge, and particle-wave duality of photon. To confirm the proposed theory, the mathematical formulations are presented. We conclude that the photon shape is accessible to human imagination; knowing this shape helps determine photon properties and sheds light on how matter is made as well as explains the interactions of subatomic particles.
The mass of photons and gravity
World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2021
This article analyzes concepts of photons and results of old experiments with deflections of light by Sun’s gravity. It is possible to draw a conclusion that experimental results differ from theoretical predictions of both classical and General Relativity theories. In this article was proposed explanation based on alternative potential and the mass of photons.