Important parameters to consider for the characterization of PET and SPECT imaging probes (original) (raw)
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Molecular imaging probe development: a chemistry perspective
American journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging, 2012
Molecular imaging is an attractive modality that has been widely employed in many aspects of biomedical research; especially those aimed at the early detection of diseases such as cancer, inflammation and neurodegenerative disorders. The field emerged in response to a new research paradigm in healthcare that seeks to integrate detection capabilities for the prediction and prevention of diseases. This approach made a distinct impact in biomedical research as it enabled researchers to leverage the capabilities of molecular imaging probes to visualize a targeted molecular event non-invasively, repeatedly and continuously in a living system. In addition, since such probes are inherently compact, robust, and amenable to high-throughput production, these probes could potentially facilitate screening of preclinical drug discovery, therapeutic assessment and validation of disease biomarkers. They could also be useful in drug discovery and safety evaluations. In this review, major trends in ...
2012
Molecular imaging can be defined as the visual representation, characterization and quantification of biological processes at the cellular and subcellular levels within intact living organisms. Generally speaking, molecular imaging involves specialized instrumentation, used alone or in combination with targeted imaging agents, to visualize tissue characteristics and/or biochemical markers. The field of molecular imaging is highly multidisciplinary, drawing from many areas of science, including, but not limited to, molecular biology, biochemistry, physiology, physics, engineering, genetics, mathematics, chemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and medicine. Molecular imaging of living subjects can trace its roots back to nuclear medicine, nevertheless many techniques are now possible. In fact, techniques using optical signaling, as well as signaling using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound (US), Raman, photoacoustics (PA), and computed tomography (CT), have also been steadily i...
Molecular imaging: what can be used today
Cancer Imaging, 2005
Biochemical cellular targets and more general metabolic processes in cancer cells can be visualised. Extensive data are available on molecular imaging in preclinical models. However, innovative tracers move slowly to the clinic. This review provides information on the currently available methods of metabolic imaging, especially using PET in humans. The uptake mechanisms of tracer methods and a brief discussion of the more 'molecular' targeted methods are presented. The main focus is on the different classes of tracers and their application in various types of cancer within each class of tracers, based on the current literature and our own experience. Studies with [ 18 F]FDG (energy metabolism), radiolabelled amino acids (protein metabolism), [ 18 F]FLT (DNA metabolism), [ 11 C]choline (cell membrane metabolism) as general metabolic tracer methods and [ 18 F]DOPA (biogenic amine metabolism) as a more specific tracer method are discussed. As an example, molecular imaging methods that target the HER2 receptor and somatostatin receptor are described.
2015 Munk Jensen AM J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 431-456.pdf
Functional imaging of solid tumors with positron emission tomography (PET) imaging is an evolving field with continuous development of new PET tracers and discovery of new applications for already implemented PET tracers. During treatment of cancer patients, a general challenge is to measure treatment effect early in a treatment course and by that to stratify patients into responders and non-responders. With 2-deoxy-2-[ 18 F]fluoro-D-glucose ( 18 F-FDG) and 3'-deoxy-3'-[ 18 F]fluorothymidine( 18 F-FLT) two of the cancer hallmarks, altered energy metabolism and increased cell proliferation, can be visualized and quantified non-invasively by PET. With 18 F-FDG and 18 F-FLT PET changes in energy metabolism and cell proliferation can thereby be determined after initiation of cancer treatment in both clinical and pre-clinical studies in order to predict, at an early time-point, treatment response. It is hypothesized that decreases in glycolysis and cell proliferation may occur in tumors that are sensitive to the applied cancer therapeutics and that tumors that are resistant to treatment will show unchanged glucose metabolism and cell proliferation. Whether 18 F-FDG and/or 18 F-FLT PET can be used for prediction of treatment response has been analyzed in many studies both following treatment with conventional chemotherapeutic agents but also following treatment with different targeted therapies, e.g. monoclonal antibodies and small molecules inhibitors. The results from these studies have been most variable; in some studies early changes in 18 F-FDG and 18 F-FLT uptake predicted later tumor regression whereas in other studies no change in tracer uptake was observed despite the treatment being effective. The present review gives an overview of pre-clinical studies that have used 18 F-FDG and/or 18 F-FLT PET for response monitoring of cancer therapeutics.
Applications of Molecular Imaging
Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science, 2010
Today molecular imaging technologies play a central role in clinical oncology. The use of imaging techniques in early cancer detection, treatment response and new therapy development is steadily growing and has already significantly impacted clinical management of cancer. In this chapter we will overview three different molecular imaging technologies used for the understanding of disease biomarkers, drug development, or monitoring therapeutic outcome. They are (1) optical imaging (bioluminescence and fluorescence imaging) (2) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and (3) nuclear imaging (e.g, single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET)). We will review the use of molecular reporters of biological processes (e.g. apoptosis and protein kinase activity) for high throughput drug screening and new cancer therapies, diffusion MRI as a biomarker for early treatment response and PET and SPECT radioligands in oncology.