Relative Permittivity Based Model for GSM Signal Loss in Buildings (original) (raw)
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ANALYSIS OF A DEVELOPED BUILDING PENETRATION PATH LOSS MODEL FOR GSM WIRELESS ACCESS
In this paper a building penetration path loss model was developed. The model involved the combination of three mechanisms of signal propagation; refraction, reflection and diffraction. The penetration through the building walls was modelled as refraction using Fresnel Refraction Coefficient and the propagation through the roof was modelled as diffraction using the principle of knife-edge diffraction. The total losses from the transmitter to the receiver was modelled as a combination of three different effects; losses due to free-space propagation from transmitter to building; the penetration loss as a combination of the wall penetration loss and the diffraction loss. To confirm the viability of this model, measurements were conducted in four different locations in Rivers State, Nigeria on buildings made with different material using MTN, Etisalat, Airtel and Globacom networks. The model simulation result showed that a total loss in GSM transmission as 124.07dB of which penetration loss as 37.95dB which accounted for 30.59%, the freespace loss as 86.12dB which accounts for 69.41% of the total losses. The results corresponded with the measurement results. Secondly, the developed building penetration path loss model was also compared with some existing path loss models namely, Log distance path loss, Okumura, HATA and COST-231 models and the results showed that the models compared accurately with the Okumura model and other existing path loss models. Hence, it can be stated that the developed building penetration path loss model can be used to accurately predict signal attenuation in buildings located in an urban environment.
Building Penetration Loss for GSM Signals into Selected Building Structures in Jigawa State, Nigeria
2021
Global system for mobile communication (GSM) became the most active industry in our country Nigeria, since its inception in 2004. The number of service providers keeps on increasing, but the quality of services (QoS), provided is still low. This research work, studied by way of extensive measurements, the received signal strength inside buildings constructed using different types of building materials for both the structure and the roof. This is with a view to finding a signal attenuation margin that will improve the indoor propagation model. The degree of attenuation on the received signal may be used to provide a margin in GSM radio link planning so as to compensate for such loss. The measurements were conducted in selected areas in Jigawa metropolis where these types of buildings are common. Four geographical locations were used as case study within Jigawa metropolis namely, Dutse, Kazaure, Hadejia, Gumel and Ringim. Signals radiated from four GSM service providers (namely, MTN, ...
Path loss exponent represents how fast the path loss increases with distance and it accounts for signal indoor outages. These indoor outages can arise due to signal building penetration loss. Signal penetration loss depend on the type of building material used. This research investigated the effect of building on the GSM signals of MTN, Glo, Airtel and Etisalat using radio frequency signal tracker to conduct measurements on five (5) different buildings (mud house with thatched roof, mud house/rusted corrugated iron sheet roof, sandcrete building/rusted corrugated iron sheet roof, sandcrete building/unrusted corrugated iron sheet roof and building with alucoboard wall cladding) in Rivers State, Nigeria. The results obtained were compared to the Okumura, HATA and COST-231 models and it showed that building with alucoboard wall cladding has the highest signal loss while the sandcrete building/unrusted corrugated iron sheet roof has the lowest signal loss, with all measurements values corresponding to the Okumura model. For each of the network and environment considered, the path loss exponent varied between 3.06 to 4.59 and the standard deviation between 11.1dB to 11.6dB.
Propagation Loss Determination of GSM Signal Strength in Selected Buildings in Ilorin, Nigeria
Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, 2021
Introduction Today cellular services are used by millions of people worldwide in which African countries especially Nigerian is not left out, according to Akanni et al. (2020), Nigeria is a developing nation and the number of mobile communication and its applications is geometrically rising. For better cellular services, the environment in which the service is to be render must be taken into consideration when planning the link budget. One of the most important features of the propagation environment is propagation path loss, Path loss in an indoor reception may be due to many factors, such as reflection, refraction, diffraction, and Mobile Unit (Oni and Idachaba 2017). It has been observed that material used in buildings play significant role in an indoor path loss. The poverty level in Nigeria and most of the African countries lead to the choice of different materials used in the different building construction (Sholanke et al., 2015). The old style of buildings is still in existence at high proportion both in the rural and urban area and this tend to always make the user of wireless mobile phone to move outdoor in order to receive better service due to the degradation in the amount of signal received in indoor environment. According to Elechi and Otasowie (2016), the signal propagation losses due to building
Radio propagation inside building is governed by mechanisms such as reflection, diffraction, and scattering from different objects. The field distribution inside building is therefore dependent on specific features of its internal structures. This research work investigated GSM signal variation in mud building/rusted corrugated iron sheet roof materials and compared the result obtained with other buildings built with different building materials. Handheld AAronia HF2025E spectrum analyzer was used to carry out the measurements. The frequency bands of five service providers; Airtel, MTN, Globacom, Etisalat, and Starcomm were used as the operating frequencies and handheld portable spectrum analyzer served as receiver which recorded the average signal strength level at each point of the measurement. Results obtained showed among the various combination of materials considered, mud building/rusted corrugated iron sheet roof presents higher signal losses of-59.08dBm, followed by mud building/ unrusted corrugated iron sheet roof had an average signal losses of-53.63dBm, the sandcrete building/rusted corrugated iron sheet roof presents signal losses of-50.32dBm, while sandcrete building/unrusted corrugated iron sheet roof had lower average signal losses of-45.37dBm.
Determination of GSM Signal Loss in Multi-Partitioned Buildings
Radio frequency radiations from GSM base transceiver stations (BTS) experience certain amount of loss. These losses can be attributed to two principal factors, the height of the building and the penetrating material of buildings which was revealed in the literature. In this work, measurements were carried out to determine the signal loss in multi-partitioned buildings in Port Harcourt city. The study was carried out using radio frequency (RF) signal tracker application software installed in a Samsung smart phone. The measurements were carried out on four different buildings made with different partitioning materials namely glass, wood, concrete and bricks on GSM networks (MTN, GLO, AIRTEL and ETISALAT). The results showed that the concrete material had the highest signal penetration loss with an average value of 4.29dB seconded by bricks, then glass and wood with an average signal loss of 3.47dB, 3.15dB and 2.06dB respectively. The path loss prediction for each of the buildings and materials considered was also studied and calculated using Log-normal model with concrete partition having the highest predicted path loss of 103.89(dB), followed by bricks with 83.90(dB), glass with 67.35(dB) and wood with 53.15(dB). Comparing the average signal loss over the building distances and the path loss, it was observed that there was a significant relationship.
INVESTIGATION OF GSM SIGNAL LOSS IN MULTISTOREY BUILDING
In this work, measurements of GSM signal strength were conducted to determine GSM signal loss in multistorey buildings in Port Harcourt, Rivers State. The measurements were carried out indifferent buildings of 2, 3, 4, and 5-storey. The study was carried out on the four GSM service providers in Nigeria (MTN, Etisalat, Globacom and Airtel), to determine their signal penetration using Radio Frequency Signal Tracker (RFST) software. The measurements were first conducted outside the building known as the outdoor signal strength, then indoors in each floor of the building and the differences were computed.Based on the measurement data, the average path loss exponentand floor attenuation factor were determined as 3.53, and 21.22 respectively while the standard deviation varied between 3.46 and 6.27. Also, a model was developed to predict GSM signal loss inmultistorey buildings. The results showed that the loss exponent varied between 3.09 and 3.99 which was attributed to the effect of floor partition.The penetration loss were higher at the ground floor than the fifth floor though it had the maximum floor attenuation factor.
DETERMINATION OF GSM SIGNAL PENETRATION LOSS IN SOME SELECTED BUILDINGS IN RIVERS STATE, NIGERIA
The qualities of indoor signal reception are governed by the mechanism of reflection, refraction, diffraction and The qualities of indoor signal reception are governed by the mechanism of reflection, refraction, diffraction and The qualities of indoor signal reception are governed by the mechanism of reflection, refraction, diffraction and scattering of signal propagation through buildings which are dependent on the material of the building structure. scattering of signal propagation through buildings which are dependent on the material of the building structure. scattering of signal propagation through buildings which are dependent on the material of the building structure. scattering of signal propagation through buildings which are dependent on the material of the building structure. These indoor outages can be traced to building penetration loss. Penetration loss depends on the type of building These indoor outages can be traced to building penetration loss. Penetration loss depends on the type of building These indoor outages can be traced to building penetration loss. Penetration loss depends on the type of building These indoor outages can be traced to building penetration loss. Penetration loss depends on the type of building material used. This research work is a determination of signal penetration loss in some selected buildings in Rivers material used. This research work is a determination of signal penetration loss in some selected buildings in Rivers material used. This research work is a determination of signal penetration loss in some selected buildings in Rivers material used. This research work is a determination of signal penetration loss in some selected buildings in Rivers state, Nigeria. Global system for mobile communication (GSM) signals of MTN, GLOBACOM, AIRTELand ETISALAT state, Nigeria. Global system for mobile communication (GSM) signals of MTN, GLOBACOM, AIRTELand ETISALAT state, Nigeria. Global system for mobile communication (GSM) signals of MTN, GLOBACOM, AIRTELand ETISALAT state, Nigeria. Global system for mobile communication (GSM) signals of MTN, GLOBACOM, AIRTELand ETISALAT networks were measuredusingRadioFrequencySignal Trackerin fivedifferent buildings (mudhouse withthatched networks were measuredusingRadioFrequencySignal Trackerin fivedifferent buildings (mudhouse withthatched networks were measuredusingRadioFrequencySignal Trackerin fivedifferent buildings (mudhouse withthatched networks were measuredusingRadioFrequencySignal Trackerin fivedifferent buildings (mudhouse withthatched roof, mud house/rusted corrugated iron sheet roof, sandcrete building/rusted corrugated iron sheet roof, sandcrete roof, mud house/rusted corrugated iron sheet roof, sandcretebuilding/rusted corrugated iron sheet roof, sandcrete roof, mud house/rusted corrugated iron sheet roof, sandcrete building/rusted corrugated iron sheet roof, sandcrete roof, mud house/rusted corrugated iron sheet roof, sandcrete building/rusted corrugated iron sheet roof, sandcrete building/unrusted corrugated iron sheet roof and building with alucoboard wall cladding) in Port Harcourt building/unrusted corrugated iron sheet roof and building with alucoboard wall cladding) in Port Harcourt building/unrusted corrugated iron sheet roof and building with alucoboard wall cladding) in Port Harcourt building/unrusted corrugated iron sheet roof and building with alucoboard wall cladding) in Port Harcourt metropolis in Nigeria. The results showed that buildings with alucoboard wall cladding has the highest GSM signal metropolis in Nigeria. The results showed that buildings with alucoboard wall cladding has the highest GSM signal metropolis in Nigeria. The results showed that buildings with alucoboard wall cladding has the highest GSM signal metropolis in Nigeria. The results showed that buildings with alucoboard wall cladding has the highest GSM signal penetration loss while the sandcrete building/unrushed corrugated iron sheet roof has the lowest GSM penetration penetration loss while the sandcrete building/unrushed corrugated iron sheet roof has the lowest GSM penetration penetration loss while the sandcrete building/unrushed corrugated iron sheet roof has the lowest GSM penetration penetration loss while the sandcrete building/unrushed corrugated iron sheet roof has the lowest GSM penetration signal loss.
Characterisation of Signal Penetration into Buildings for GSM and UMTS
2006 3rd International Symposium on Wireless Communication Systems, 2006
A study of the extra signal attenuation due to building penetration associated to path loss from the Base Stations to Mobile Terminals, for different types of buildings and rooms, is presented for GSM (900 and 1800 MHz) and UMTS. In this study, a statistical model for the attenuation penetration is developed, following the Log-Normal Distribution, applied to a building classification, and supported on measurements, useful for radio network planning purposes. The variation of the attenuation per floor, room and building type is studied. An average attenuation of 5.7 dB for GSM900 is observed, with a standard deviation of 11.1 dB.
Journal of Engineering Research and Reports, 2018
This article involves the site specific determination of an outdoor path loss model and Signal penetration level in some selected modern residential and office apartments in Ogbomosho, Oyo State. Measurements of signal strength and its associated location parameters referenced globally were carried out. Propagation path loss characteristics of Ogbomosho were investigated using three different locations with distinctively different yet modern building materials. Consequently, received signal strength (RSS) was measured at a distance d in meters, from appropriate base stations for various environments investigated. The data were analyzed to determine the propagation path loss exponent, signal penetration level and path loss characteristics. From calculations, the average building penetration losses were, 5.93dBm, 6.40dBm and 6.1dBm outside the hollow blocks B1, solid blocks B2 and hollow blocks mixed with pre cast asbestos B3, buildings respectively with a corresponding path loss expo...