LEMERCIER O. (2018) - Think and Act. Local Data and Global Perspectives in Bell Beaker Archaeology, Journal of Neolithic Archaeology, 20, 2018S, p. 77-96 (original) (raw)

Abstract

In the north-western Mediterranean (Spain, France, Italy), the variety of decorative styles of Bell Beakers, the existence of a common ware, the examination of the discovery contexts and the objects associations make it possible to propose chronological phases of the Bell Beakers styles. This makes it possible to observe the appearance and insertion of the Bell Beakers in the local sequences as well as its developments and the acculturation of the local groups. If the first phenomenon marked by the arrival of elements of foreign origin to the region (objects, ideas, individuals?) showing a wide movement on a continental scale, the recent phase of Bell Beakers, marked by multiple regional groups from the point of view of ceramic decoration shows, at the same time, the existence of large cultures from the point of view of the common ware and a very large community or European network of exchanges of objects, practices or ideas format perhaps a broad Bell Beaker Civilization.

Key takeaways

sparkles

AI

  1. The Bell Beaker phenomenon spans distinct phases: initial arrival, regional development, and connections to Early Bronze Age cultures.
  2. Bell Beakers did not replace local Late Neolithic cultures, which evolved alongside them for centuries.
  3. The diffusion of Bell Beaker practices involved complex exchanges of objects, ideas, and individual movements across Europe.
  4. Studies suggest up to 30% of the population in certain areas experienced displacement during the Bell Beaker phase.
  5. The research aims to clarify the Bell Beaker's role in European prehistory through local and global perspectives.

Figures (8)

The result is a division of the Beakers of Mediterranean France into 3 phases (Lemercier 1998, 2004, 2012 a, 2012b, Lemercier et al. 2014 b) (Fig. 3):

The result is a division of the Beakers of Mediterranean France into 3 phases (Lemercier 1998, 2004, 2012 a, 2012b, Lemercier et al. 2014 b) (Fig. 3):

3— This first Bell Beaker phenomenon is followed, in a second phase and in a number of areas, by something that could be con- sidered a Bell Beaker “Civilization” (Fig. 4), formed of a number of re- gional “groups” with a specific material culture and regional tradi- tions of settlement types and economic practices. That is to say, the degree of acculturation is dependent in part on the local cultural mi- lieu. Bell Beaker groups separated by their decorated ceramics share, at a larger scale, the same common ware (Besse 2003, Piguet/ Besse 2009). There are probably three or four macro-regional Bell Beaker “cultures” identified by a specific common ware: the cultures of cen- tral Europe, Western Europe, Iberian Peninsula and British islands. 4— By the early phase of the Bell Beaker, settlement and domes- tic contexts with associated Bell Beaker objects and large quantities of elements of local cultures are recognized in some areas. These Bell Beaker assemblies therefore cannot be considered as a simple funer- ary package. Fig.4. Bell Beaker Civilization (CAD O. Lemercier).

3— This first Bell Beaker phenomenon is followed, in a second phase and in a number of areas, by something that could be con- sidered a Bell Beaker “Civilization” (Fig. 4), formed of a number of re- gional “groups” with a specific material culture and regional tradi- tions of settlement types and economic practices. That is to say, the degree of acculturation is dependent in part on the local cultural mi- lieu. Bell Beaker groups separated by their decorated ceramics share, at a larger scale, the same common ware (Besse 2003, Piguet/ Besse 2009). There are probably three or four macro-regional Bell Beaker “cultures” identified by a specific common ware: the cultures of cen- tral Europe, Western Europe, Iberian Peninsula and British islands. 4— By the early phase of the Bell Beaker, settlement and domes- tic contexts with associated Bell Beaker objects and large quantities of elements of local cultures are recognized in some areas. These Bell Beaker assemblies therefore cannot be considered as a simple funer- ary package. Fig.4. Bell Beaker Civilization (CAD O. Lemercier).

7— Based on current knowledge drinking vessels, codified individ- ual burials without mounds, and the warrior idea come from a set of cultures that stretch across Europe from their source in the eastern steppes (Harrison/ Heyd 2007, Heyd 2007, 2012, Jeunesse 2015, 2017). We will not enter here into the exciting debate about the nature of these diffusions / migrations etc. However, and this is very important, Western Europe seems to know these innovations prior to the emer- gence of the Bell Beakers (Fig. 5). It is therefore not possible to consid- er these innovations as arriving from the east with the Bell Beakers. These eastern innovations contribute instead to highlight an “atmos- phere” of Eastern origin in a big area between the boundaries of the extension of the Corded Ware and the Atlantic Ocean. Fig.5. Corded influences in the West (2800-2700 cal BCE) (after Guilaine 1998, Demoule 2007, Harrison/Heyd 2007 and various authors, CAD O.Lemercier). 8— More than 50 years after some researchers claimed that searching for the geographical origin of the Bell Beakers was use- less or nonsense (Shennan 1976, 1977a, 1977b, Clarke 1976, Burgess/ Shennan 1976, etc.), the debate is still alive (Beckerman 2012, Fokkens

7— Based on current knowledge drinking vessels, codified individ- ual burials without mounds, and the warrior idea come from a set of cultures that stretch across Europe from their source in the eastern steppes (Harrison/ Heyd 2007, Heyd 2007, 2012, Jeunesse 2015, 2017). We will not enter here into the exciting debate about the nature of these diffusions / migrations etc. However, and this is very important, Western Europe seems to know these innovations prior to the emer- gence of the Bell Beakers (Fig. 5). It is therefore not possible to consid- er these innovations as arriving from the east with the Bell Beakers. These eastern innovations contribute instead to highlight an “atmos- phere” of Eastern origin in a big area between the boundaries of the extension of the Corded Ware and the Atlantic Ocean. Fig.5. Corded influences in the West (2800-2700 cal BCE) (after Guilaine 1998, Demoule 2007, Harrison/Heyd 2007 and various authors, CAD O.Lemercier). 8— More than 50 years after some researchers claimed that searching for the geographical origin of the Bell Beakers was use- less or nonsense (Shennan 1976, 1977a, 1977b, Clarke 1976, Burgess/ Shennan 1976, etc.), the debate is still alive (Beckerman 2012, Fokkens

2012a, Guilaine 2004, Jeunesse 2015, Lanting 2008, Salanova 2004, 2009, Turek 2012, Vander Linden 2012, Miller 2013, for example). Fig.6. The Early Beaker Phenomenon (General Beakers map after Heyd 2013 modified, CAD O.Lemercier).

2012a, Guilaine 2004, Jeunesse 2015, Lanting 2008, Salanova 2004, 2009, Turek 2012, Vander Linden 2012, Miller 2013, for example). Fig.6. The Early Beaker Phenomenon (General Beakers map after Heyd 2013 modified, CAD O.Lemercier).

Fig. 7. The three cultural times of Europe during the 3 Millennium BCE (Gener- al Beaker map after Heyd 2013 modified, CAD O. Lemercier). 12— The social dimension of the Bell Beaker phenomenon is dif- ficult to prove on an archaeological basis. It is probably possible approach by observing different funerary assemblages, particular linked to some armed adult men (Case 2004, Fokkens 2012b, Heyd 2007a, Lemercier 2011, Salanova 2007, 2012, Salanova/Sohn 2007, Sa- rauw 2007, Turek 2014, 2015, 2017, Vandkilde 2006) and commensali ty rituals (Garrido Pena et al. 2011). The ideological dimension of the Bell Beaker phenomenon (Strahm 1998) seems easier to perceive. fe) y However, it is not unique to Bell Beaker, but belongs more broadly the “beaker cultures” of east origin. tO

Fig. 7. The three cultural times of Europe during the 3 Millennium BCE (Gener- al Beaker map after Heyd 2013 modified, CAD O. Lemercier). 12— The social dimension of the Bell Beaker phenomenon is dif- ficult to prove on an archaeological basis. It is probably possible approach by observing different funerary assemblages, particular linked to some armed adult men (Case 2004, Fokkens 2012b, Heyd 2007a, Lemercier 2011, Salanova 2007, 2012, Salanova/Sohn 2007, Sa- rauw 2007, Turek 2014, 2015, 2017, Vandkilde 2006) and commensali ty rituals (Garrido Pena et al. 2011). The ideological dimension of the Bell Beaker phenomenon (Strahm 1998) seems easier to perceive. fe) y However, it is not unique to Bell Beaker, but belongs more broadly the “beaker cultures” of east origin. tO

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FAQs

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What explains the regional variations in Bell Beaker ceramic decoration?add

The research identifies multiple regional groups, such as the Rhodano-Provençal and Pyrenean Groups, that influenced specific ceramic styles during the Middle Beaker phase (2400/2350 -2150 BCE). This suggests a broad network of cultural exchange within a possible Bell Beaker civilization.

How did the transition to the Bronze Age affect Bell Beaker practices?add

The Late Beaker phase (2150 -1950 BCE) showed an emergence of incised and barbed wire-decorated ware, indicating a cultural adaptation during this transition. Additionally, the introduction of new metal working styles reflected shifts in technological practices.

What role did local Neolithic cultures play in the development of Bell Beaker groups?add

Evidence indicates that local Late Neolithic cultures coexisted with and influenced the evolving Bell Beaker traditions rather than being entirely replaced. For centuries, these local cultures contributed to the genesis of regional Early Bronze Age practices.

When did significant individual migrations occur among Bell Beaker populations?add

Bioanthropological studies suggest that around 30% of the population at sites like Sion-Petit Chasseur reflected displaced individuals from diverse origins during the Early Bronze Age. These findings indicate profound genetic and cultural interactions across Europe.

What were some key characteristics of Bell Beaker burial rites?add

The analysis suggests a codified burial practice across Europe involving collective burials without mounds, indicating a distinct social structure. However, cremation practices were also recognized in certain areas, highlighting variations in funerary customs.