Characterization Methods for Nanoparticles (original) (raw)
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THE STRANGE WORLD OF THE NANOSCALE
The property of a material changes when it size is reduced to the nanoscale. The nanoscale ranges between 1 and 100 nm. One nanometer is 1 billionth of a meter and about 100000 thinner than a human hair. At the nanoscale, materials display properties that are different from those at the macro scale, due to quantum mechanical phenomena and the increased surface-to-volume ratio.
Brief-Introduction to Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
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Nanoscience and nanotechnology have been receiving significant attention at conferences, in scientific journals and in the popular press. In this brief tutorial review, nanoscience and nanotechnology are discussed in some detail. Particular attention is paid tothe properties that change as materials transition from the macroscale (i.e., the bulk) to the nanoscale. Examples include changes in chemical reactivity, in melting point and in optical emission (via color changes). Quantum phenomena manifest themselves at the nanoscale and an example is discussed in conjunction with quantum confinement as observed in quantum dots. Of the very many applications available, only a few of them were arbitrarily selected and are outlined.Included among them are: applications of nanoin medicine and healthcare; inenvironmental remediation, in water quality sensing and water purification; in energy (e.g., solar cells, batteries); and in electronics. Education and training in nanoscience and nanotechn...
The discovery of fullerene in 1985, and the discovery of nanotubes in 1991 formed from combinations of other elements have attracted tremendous interest worldwide. It led to intensified research into the science of nanostructures. Low dimension systems are those in which at least one of the three dimensions exist between those characteristic of atoms/molecules and those of the bulk material, generally in the range from 1 nm to 100 nm. For e.g. quantum dots, nanowires, nanotubes etc. In these systems, surface area to volume ratio i.e. aspect ratio is high. So, the surface states come into account and become dominant. In addition to this, the dimensional constraint on the system gives rise to quantum size effects, which can significantly change the energy spectrum of electrons and their behavior. Due to which some properties of such systems become different from those of their bulk counterparts and have extraordinary electronic, optical, thermal, mechanical and chemical properties, which may result in their use in wide range of nanotechnology.
Nanochemistry -A Split between 18th Century and Modern Times
Nanoscience seems to be a main topic of this century. The chemical fundamentals are very old and named colloids since Graham in 1861. The acronym nano has been introduced in 1960 at a conference of measures and weights in Paris. In 1982 Binnig and Rohrer invented the scanning tunnel microscope(STM) and four years later Binnig the atomic force microscope(AFM). These microscopes are the main tools for the nanotechnology and from this times the number of publications exploded. In this article we'll focus on the chemical aspects of nanotechnology and how to implement experiments into school.
Characterization of Biological and Condensed Matter at the Nanoscale
Advances and Applications, 2014
The rapid progress in nanoscience and nanoengineering over recent decades has been predicated largely on improvements in the tools used to characterize material at the nanoscale. While an abundance of new analytical techniques have been developed, a major source of future innovation will emerge from additional advances in microscopy. The microscopes used in modern nanoscience laboratories are able to image a wide range of materials (biological, non-conductive, etc.) at incredible resolution, measure and map elemental composition, elucidate fine structure, and even determine material constants. Each of these capabilities have aided researchers in both learning more about the basic nature of nanomaterials as well as using that knowledge towards a wide range of applications. Here, we review a selection of instruments and discuss some of the unique capabilities that make them increasingly important in nanoscale research. We will concentrate on one scanning probe microscope and three different charged-particle microscopes. In each case, we will briefly describe the instrument and the mechanisms underlying its operation before detailing examples of the novel characterization techniques it has enabled. First, we will consider Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), a probe-based technique for imaging structures on a surface. Among the novel types of scanning probe microscopy described will be high-speed AFM, Scanning Conductance Microscopy (SCM), and Scanning Microwave Microscopy (SMM). Second, we will discuss the Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), a microscope capable of ultra-high (atomic) resolution imaging. Here, we will detail Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS), contrast tuning, and TEM tomography. Next, we will discuss Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), a widely-used instrument for material characterization. We will describe Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) elemental mapping as well as cathodoluminescence. Finally, we will discuss the Helium Ion Microscope (HIM), a new technology that uses a focused beam of charged He + ions to image samples. We will describe its utility in high-resolution imaging, especially of biological or non-conductive samples. 5.1 Overview There is an undeniable drive towards understanding materials and systems at nanometer length scales. Electronic devices, of course, are continually pushed toward smaller and smaller dimensions; bulk material properties are largely determined by nanoscale characteristics; and the basic functions of biology are carried out by molecular machines. For these and many other reasons, the tools of nanometrology are of increasing importance. In this chapter, we will describe the general operation of four types of microscopy tools used in nanoscience and nanoengineering research: Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Helium Ion Microscopy (HIM). These different instruments offer specific advantages and disadvantages in characterizing nanomaterials. Throughout the chapter, these pros and cons will be highlighted as we discuss the central components of each instrument, their general mechanisms of operation, and some selected techniques that extend their applicability in the lab.
Chapter - INTRODUCTION TO NANOMATERIALS
Introduction to Nanomaterials 1.2 are of interest because at this scale unique optical, magnetic, electrical, and other properties emerge. These emergent properties have the potential for great impacts in electronics, medicine, and other fields. Fig. 2. Nanomaterial (For example: Carbon nanotube)
Routes of Synthesis and Characterizations of Nanoparticles
IGI Global, 2020
An interesting aspect of nanotechnology is the remarkable size-dependent physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials that have led to the rise of synthesis procedures for nanomaterials across a range of sizes, shapes, and chemical compositions. This chapter will concentrate on the different methods such as electron irradiation, laser ablation, and chemical reduction, biological methods, photochemical methods; microwave processing, chemical vapour condensation (CVC), arc discharge, hydrogen plasma-metal reaction, and laser pyrolysis in the vapour phase. This chapter will also include the various characterization techniques for the conformation of nanomaterials such as UV-visible spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, and electron microscopy (e.g., transmission electron microscopy [TEM], scanning electron microscopy [SEM], and atomic force microscopy [AFM]).
Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology
Nanoscience primarily deals with synthesis, characterization, exploration, and exploitation of nanostructured materials. These materials are characterized by at least one dimension in the nanometer range. A nanometer (nm) is one billionth of a meter, or 10-9 m. One nanometer is approximately the length equivalent to 10 hydrogen or 5 silicon atoms aligned in a line. The processing, structure and properties of materials with grain size in the tens to several hundreds of nanometer range are research areas of considerable interest over the past years. A revolution in materials science and engineering is taking place as researchers find ways to pattern and characterize materials at the nanometer length scale. New materials with outstanding electrical, optical, magnetic and mechanical properties are rapidly being developed for use in information technology, bioengineering, and energy and environmental applications. On nanoscale, some physical and chemical material properties can differ significantly from those of the bulk structured materials of the same composition; for example, the theoretical strength of nanomaterials can be reached or quantum effects may appear; crystals in the nanometer scale have a low melting point (the difference can be as large as 1000°C) and reduced lattice constants, since the number of surface atoms or ions becomes a significant fraction of the total number of atoms or ions and the surface energy plays a significant role in the thermal stability. Therefore, many material properties must now be revisited in light of the fact that a considerable increase in surface-to-volume ratio is associated with the reduction in material size to the nanoscale, often having a prominent effect on material performance. Historically, fundamental material properties such as elastic modulus have been characterized in bulk specimens using macroscopic, and more recently microscopic, techniques. However, as nanofabrication advances continue, these bulk properties are no longer sufficient to predict performance when devices are fabricated with small critical dimensions.