A brief review on Japanese Encephalitis in Swine with its diagnostic strategies (original) (raw)
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Japanese encephalitis virus infection, diagnosis and control in domestic animals
Veterinary microbiology, 2017
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a significant cause of neurological disease in humans throughout Asia causing an estimated 70,000 human cases each year with approximately 10,000 fatalities. The virus contains a positive sense RNA genome within a host-derived membrane and is classified within the family Flaviviridae. Like many flaviviruses, it is transmitted by mosquitoes, particularly those of the genus Culex in a natural cycle involving birds and some livestock species. Spill-over into domestic animals results in a spectrum of disease ranging from asymptomatic infection in some species to acute neurological signs in others. The impact of JEV infection is particularly apparent in pigs. Although infection in adult swine does not result in symptomatic disease, it is considered a significant reproductive problem causing abortion, still-birth and birth defects. Infected piglets can display fatal neurological disease. Equines are also infected, resulting in non-specific signs includ...
Detection of Japanese encephalitis viral antibodies from swine
Background: Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a viral disease of zoonotic importance and one of the leading causes of viral encephalitis in Asian countries. Objective: The aim of this study was to detect Japanese encephalitis viral antibodies from swine in the suburbs of Chennai and outside Chennai to find evidence of the presence of JEV circulation and exposure in urban areas by using indirect ELISA. Methodology: A total of 470 serum samples from swine were collected and indirect IgG commercial available kit was used for the detection of JEV antibodies.
Vector-free transmission and persistence of Japanese encephalitis virus in pigs
Nature Communications, 2016
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a main cause of severe viral encephalitis in humans, has a complex ecology, composed of a cycle involving primarily waterbirds and mosquitoes, as well as a cycle involving pigs as amplifying hosts. To date, JEV transmission has been exclusively described as being mosquito-mediated. Here we demonstrate that JEV can be transmitted between pigs in the absence of arthropod vectors. Pigs shed virus in oronasal secretions and are highly susceptible to oronasal infection. Clinical symptoms, virus tropism and central nervous system histological lesions are similar in pigs infected through needle, contact or oronasal inoculation. In all cases, a particularly important site of replication are the tonsils, in which JEV is found to persist for at least 25 days despite the presence of high levels of neutralizing antibodies. Our findings could have a major impact on the ecology of JEV in temperate regions with short mosquito seasons.
Japanese Encephalitis: A Veterinary Perspective
Japanese encephalitis is one of the most important arboviral zoonoses caused by Japanese encephalitis virus of Flaviviridae family. The virus cause huge mortality in children in several Asian countries. The virus circulates among birds and pigs and gets transmitted to humans through mosquito bite. The children below 15 year of age are highly susceptible and affected children suffer from neurological sequel. The virus causes abortion in sows, encephalitis in horses, however other species of animals remain asymptomatic. The increased paddy cultivation, presence of pigs near human dwelling, change in climate and presence of unvaccinated human host contributes to the incidence of the disease. Therefore, vaccination of susceptible population, vector control, early diagnosis and treatment and continuous serosurveillance in animals are the keys to combat this crippling disease.
The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 2001
The flavivirus Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus has recently emerged in the Australasian region. To investigate the involvement of infections with related enzootic flaviviruses, namely Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE) virus and Kunjin (KUN) virus, on immunity of pigs to JE virus and to provide a basis for interpretation of serologic data, experimental infections were conducted with combinations of these viruses. Antibody responses to primary and secondary infections were evaluated using panels of monoclonal antibody-based blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and microtiter serum neutralization tests (mSNTs). Identification of the primary infecting virus was possible only using the mSNTs. Following challenge, unequivocal diagnosis was impossible due to variation in immune responses between animals and broadened and/or anamnestic responses. Viremia for JE virus was readily detected in pigs following primary infection, but was not detected following prior exposure to MVE or KUN ...
Elevated Japanese Encephalitis Virus Activity Monitored by Domestic Sentinel Piglets in Thailand
Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, 2011
Awareness of an annual recurrence of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infections among the people residing in the provinces of Central plain region of Thailand, and, since pigs are recognized as amplifying host for the virus and the widely distributed pigs farms across the region, piglets were use to detect the virus activity among selected pig farms. Twenty-nine domestic piglets (12 weeks old) from three sites of two Provinces of Thailand were chosen to be surveyed for the time period of January to May 2003. JEV activity was monitored for seroconversion and virus isolation. JE specific ELISA test was used for the detection of Immunoglobulin of class M and G. Virus isolation ateempt were made on cell culture and identified by ______-after mosquito amplification. Maternal and/or piglet IgG constantly detected among all specimens. IgG IgM occurred among 83% (24 / 29) of the piglets. JEV strains were isolated in two instances (__%). JE virus viremia period in piglet appears early in life two weeks later providing ample time for the mosquito vector to feed and activity induce the transmission of JEV in the human community residing in the areas close to the pig farms.
2019
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) comes under the familyFlaviviridaeand genus flavivirus. It predominantly infects the children under the age of 10 years and the case fatality rate can stretch out as high as 30%. Pigs act as reservoir and amplifying intermediate host for JEV. Recent report suggested longer persistence of JEV in tonsil than in circulation of experimentally infected pigs. The current investigation was conducted to understand the prevalence and molecular epidemiology of JEV infection in pigs in three different geographical sites in India (Odisha, Assam and Manipur). Serum samples were tested by ELISA and RT-PCR for detection of JEV, while only RT-PCR was done in case of tonsils tissues collected from pigs slaughtered in abattoir. Prevalence of JEV was highest in Manipur (25.45% in serum and 10.08% in tonsil) but lower in Assam (3.75% in serum and 0% in tonsils) and Odisha (1.49% in serum and 3.7% in tonsils). The percentage of sero-positivity was found to be 3.75% of I...
Jpn. J. Infect. Dis, 2010
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a fatal disease in Asia. Pigs are considered to be the effective amplifying host for JEV in the peridomestic environment. Bali Island and Java Island in Indonesia provide a model to assess the effect of pigs on JEV transmission, since the pig density is nearly 100-fold higher in Bali than Java, while the geographic and climatologic environments are equivalent in these areas. We surveyed antibodies to JEV among 123 pigs in Mengwi (Bali) and 96 pigs in Tulungagung (East Java) in 2008 by the hemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) test. Overall prevalences were 49% in Bali and 6% in Java, with a significant difference between them (P < 0.001). Monthly infection rates estimated from age-dependent antibody prevalences were 11% in Bali and 2% in Java. In addition, 2-mercaptoethanol-sensitive antibodies were found only from Bali samples. Further, the average HAI antibody titer obtained from positive samples was significantly higher in Bali (1:52) than Java (1:10; P < 0.001). These results indicated that JEV transmission in nature is more active in Bali than East Java.
Japanese Encephalitis: A vector-borne viral disease of public health significance
Japanese encephalitisis a vector-borne viral zoonotic disease caused by Group B Arbovirus of genus flavivirus.It is a leading cause of viral encephalitis in the Asia-Pacific region. It's transmitted to humans by the bite of infected mosquitoes. The Japanese encephalitis virus naturally maintains in the enzootic cycle between mosquitoes and migratory birds. The virus has recently tended to extend to other geographic regions. The disease is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality per year, especially in children below 15 years of age. Case fatality may reach up to 30%, and almost 50%of survivors are left with permanent neuropsychiatric sequelae. Although many vaccines are available for humans, currently, there is no specific cure for Japanese encephalitis except symptomatic treatment. Since flavi virus infection induces cross-reactive antibodies, there is growing concern regarding the diagnostic accuracy of serological tests. Therefore, diagnostic tests for field utility are still evolving. This review aims to provide an overview of Japanese Encephalitis and its epidemiology to increase awareness of the disease as a serious public health problem.
Survey of Japanese encephalitis reactor on pigs in north Sulawesi
Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies
Several studies have shown that pigs are considered as the main reservoir of Japanese encephalitis virus transmission in Indonesia, in addition to having isolated Japanese encephalitis virus in pigs, pigs are also the type of livestock that is most often reported to contain Japanese encephalitis antibodies with a relatively high infection rate. This study aims to determine the spread and magnitude of Japanese encephalitis virus infection in pigs by detecting the presence of Japanese encephalitis antibodies using the Competitive Enzyme Linked Immuno Assay (C-ELISA). By knowing the spread of Japanese encephalitis virus infection in pigs in North Sulawesi Province, it can indirectly be used as an indicator of the possible threat of Japanese encephalitis virus transmission to humans, especially if the location of pig farms is close to residential areas. The results of serological examination using the Competitive ELISA method on 50 samples of porcine serum in 3 districts/cities, 30% of Japanese encephalitis reactors (15 samples were positive). The JE reactor in pigs in Minahasa Regency is the highest (43.8%) compared to Tomohon City (29.4%) and South Minahasa Regency (17.6%). The proximity of pigs to humans can be seen from the location of the settlements adjacent to the location of pig farms. Pigs located in Minahasa Regency which are close to settlements are the highest risk factors for the transmission of the Japanese Encephalitis virus.