Participatory approach to urban regeneration process //// La dimensión participativa en las acciones de regeneración urbana //// https://idus.us.es/xmlui/handle/11441/58535 (original) (raw)
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Assuming all consequences for not having set limits to last decade ́s urban capitalism model, and placed as we are in the middle of an economical and environmental crisis, it is time to slow down that extensive urban consumption rhythm and compensate consolidated urban systems. ¿How will we be able to balance such urban lack of control? Response must go through land consumption and impact on the biosphere Reduction; through Recycling and Reconstruction of consolidated city. And the model that fullfills such demand is Urban Rehabilitation. Furthermore, if we place rehabilitation operations in the vast open block areas of our cities (that, in Madrid, extend over 60% consolidated urban land), these will be the most feasible and sustainable option After analyzing three cases of urban rehabilitation in open block districts in Spain, conclusions show that integral rehabilitation operations have to implement effective participative processes, which should combine building rehabilitation with energy consumption measures, not excluding punctual modification of the urban design with partial building renovation, to take advantage of exceeding public free space to give it a new quality and achieve sustainable results. So urban rehabilitation should not be merely re- urbanization but RE-QUALIFICATION.
2016
La regeneración urbana es clave en la apuesta por una ciudad más sostenible. En los últimos años, se han impulsado numerosas iniciativas basadas en la mejora de la eficiencia energética, la habitabilidad y la accesibilidad, pero han sido poco exitosas en cuanto que no resolvían otros problemas fundamentales que afectan a estas áreas como la vulnerabilidad socioeconómica, la cohesión social, etc. La dificultad de superar los enfoques sectoriales que tradicionalmente se han aplicado a la resolución de los problemas de la ciudad consolidada, unida a las dificultades de gestión y financiación de las operaciones, son los mayores retos en este campo. Es por ello que desde hace ya tiempo se reconoce la necesidad de abordar las operaciones de regeneración desde un enfoque integrado. En Europa la visión integrada de la regeneración urbana se ha ido construyendo desde la Declaración de Ámsterdam (1975), que defendía la conservación integrada de los cascos históricos, retomándose en los años 1990 con el lanzamiento del Programa URBAN, que promulgaba un acercamiento holístico en la intervención en barrios desfavorecidos. Sin embargo, hay que esperar hasta 2010 (Declaración de Toledo) para que se reconozca oficialmente la importancia de la regeneración urbana integrada para un desarrollo urbano más inteligente, sostenible, y socialmente inclusivo en Europa. En esta línea, las directrices europeas de financiación para el periodo 2014-2020 indican la necesidad de fomentar un desarrollo urbano sostenible integrado, abordando principalmente las necesidades específicas de las áreas geográficas más afectadas por la pobreza y de los grupos con mayor riesgo de discriminación o exclusión. En España, este requerimiento se plasmó en el Programa Operativo de Crecimiento Sostenible (POCS) de FEDER, donde se incluyó el enfoque integrado en un programa de " Actuaciones Integradas de Desarrollo Urbano Sostenible " , articulado mediante convocatorias competitivas dirigidas a los municipios mayores de 20.000 habitantes, y requiriendo para ello la presentación de una Estrategia de Desarrollo Urbano Sostenible Integrado (EDUSI). La primera de dichas convocatorias (2015), generó muchas expectativas entre los municipios españoles, dadas las dificultades actuales para conseguir financiación para actuaciones urbanas. A partir de la experiencia directa asistiendo a varios municipios en la redacción de sus EDUSIs, se realiza un análisis crítico de los retos y oportunidades que presenta el enfoque integrado impulsado por Europa para la actual organización municipal y el sistema de planificación urbana en España, así como las oportunidades que surgen en este marco. El principal reto para la elaboración de la Estrategia Integrada reside en las dificultades de coordinación entre agentes, tanto a nivel horizontal (entre departamentos de un mismo Ayuntamiento) como vertical (coordinación multinivel), lo que dificulta enormemente la coordinación efectiva de las distintas actuaciones previstas, y la búsqueda de sinergias entre las mismas. Por otra parte, la aparición de las figura de las EDUSIs, impuesta por la programación europea de los fondos estructurales, pone en crisis las figuras tradicionales de planeamiento en España, así como los procesos habituales para su redacción.
ZARCH
El auge de los proyectos urbanos estratégicos (PUE) en las últimas décadas del siglo XX se vio favorecido por una serie de factores políticos y económicos, así como consecuencia de las teorías urbanísticas del momento. En estos proyectos europeos, aún con sus lógicas diferencias y especificidades locales, tanto en las formas y estructuras urbanas como en la esfera de las actividades productivas, es posible encontrar unos objetivos, características, estrategias y procesos similares. En muchos casos, los PUE han conseguido gran parte de sus objetivos, aunque también han recibido críticas, sobre todo desde el ámbito académico. La crisis económica y el cambio de paradigmas urbanos, con una mayor conciencia ambiental y de participación pública, hicieron replantearse su idoneidad como instrumento para la intervención a gran escala y la regeneración urbana en áreas centrales, produciéndose un cambio de modelo. El presente artículo realiza una revisión crítica de los PUE, así como su eficie...
Regeneración urbana (II): Propuestas para el Polígono Balsas de Ebro Viejo. Zaragoza
afrontado una reflexión general sobre las llamadas "periferias interiores", es decir, las generadas durante el periodo de gran crecimiento urbano de los años sesenta y setenta, con foco en los conjuntos de vivienda masiva o "polígonos" residenciales. Estos conjuntos han experimentado procesos de obsolescencia relativa y en ellos se pueden aplicar diversas estrategias de regeneración urbana. A partir de una revisión de las experiencias internacionales y del análisis pormenorizado del polígono zaragozano de Balsas de Ebro Viejo, se han desarrollado una serie de propuestas de regeneración y rehabilitación. Uno de los argumentos centrales de este trabajo es el contraste entre la situación inicial y la actual, la diferencia entre el "antes" y el "después". A simple vista, en el caso de Ebro Viejo resulta difícil identificar y valorar los cambios: ahora está mejor situado respecto a la ciudad, ya es casi central y se ha integrado en ella pero, por otro lado, la población ha envejecido, como también ha ocurrido con la actividad del polígono-ya no hay comercio-, es más monofuncional que otras tramas urbanas, más obsoleto, y no responde a los estándares actuales de habitabilidad y de eficiencia energética. Son procesos urbanos a veces poco visibles, como muestran las dos fotografías de la portada distanciadas casi cincuenta años entre sí. A pesar de la aparente similitud, los cambios que se han producido en este medio siglo en el polígono han sido sustanciales. Tanto, que justifican una reflexión como la que aquí se presenta, que entiende la regeneración urbana como una oportunidad para este conjunto residencial. La publicación de este libro ha sido posible gracias al acuerdo de colaboración existente
Urban rehabilitation as a participatory process
Planning and Entrepreneurship, 11th AESOP Young Academics Conference 2017, Technical University of Munich, 11 de abril, 2017
The aim of this paper is to discuss urban rehabilitation with a focus on the role of inhabitants in the process. The most recent research stresses the importance of the population evolvement in heritage safeguard and regeneration processes (UNESCO, 2013) however, in Portugal, the participation of the population in urban planning has always been only a formality. The national legislation of the last three decades foresees dialogue with the populations, but only after the plans have been drawn up and shortly before being legally approved, in fact these population conferences in one of the final stages of the planning process have not been highly effective or participatory. In this sense, given the new demands of population involvement, the question is how to guarantee not only the discussion with the population but also the engagement in all the planning process, especially in urban rehabilitation processes. Moreover the 1980s urban expansion policy was responsible for the decline of the ancient neighbourhoods. The central areas were left to decay while its population moved to the new, modern neighbourhoods built in the suburbs, the historic neighbourhoods became abandoned areas manly occupied by elderly people and immigrant communities. The question today is how to plan the regeneration and rehabilitation of these areas with the participation of their inhabitants?(Guerra, 2006) Especially how to involve citizens from neglected areas in the process of planning the urban regeneration? What instruments to encourage participation?
A Model of Good Practice for Urban Regeneration as a Balance Between Different Requests
Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering (COMPDYN 2015), 2019
The success of the urban regeneration of an entire district, where the total or partial replacement of the building is planned because it is obsolete in terms of energy, seismic and social aspects, involves the balance between different requests. The process involves the demolition of old buildings still occupied and their replacement with a new sustainable building in turn supported by the construction of new equipped public spaces. The cost of these interventions should be covered by private capital. It is therefore essential the initiative of entrepreneurs who find economic convenience in the operation. Revenues are those expected from the sale of tradable surfaces (residences or other uses) obtained as volume premiums compared to the existing or as residual with respect to the amount returned to the old residents. In fact, the latter will have to accept a new equivalent residential surface lower than the existing property. The relationship between these two surfaces for each resident owner, the new one and the old one, should at least reflect the ratio of the corresponding market values. Another actor who can play a fundamental role in the success of the regeneration intervention is the public administration. The latter in view of the collective benefits deriving from urban regeneration on the entire district and on those adjacent to it (in which no intervention is planned), should implement a series of actions aimed at favoring the process. These include the aforementioned volumetric premiums, incentives for investors and residents in terms of tax exemption. This work aims, also through an application example, to implement a model able to define the balance between the different instances in order to manage the fundamental parameters that characterize the regeneration intervention and guarantee its success.
The review of policies, programs and funding systems of the European urban agenda evidences a global concern about the multidimensional problems and the dynamics of degradation suffered by many of the mono-functional social housing areas of the first urban peripheries and its serious effects on the rest of the city. There is a political and institutional interest to reduce social, economic and environmental conflicts of these areas in crisis. However, except on rare occasions when behind the Operation are vested interests, these rehabilitation projects are not planned within the framework of global strategies aimed to transform the entire city. As a result, cities are changing quickly blurring its limits, while renewed neighborhoods remain as isolated islands, urban and socially disconnected within the general scene of the city. In this context, it is appropriate evaluate new strategies to restore these degraded areas and seek formulas to cope with the challenge of integrating the revitalizing processes into the dynamics of the city. This paper is a reflection on the regeneration processes based on the Remodeling Neighborhoods Operation launched in the periphery of Madrid in order to identify strengths and weaknesses of the actuations led by local government, as a starting point to discuss about useful alternatives for similar experiences and mechanisms that seek successful outcomes for both quarters and cities. Overall, the neighborhoods selected to be remodeled were built hastily to accommodate the flood of people moving to the city with low quality standards and also concentrating social conflictive population, that drives to a starting critical situation ineffective treated by institutions. Therefore, these neighborhoods are subject of continuous degradation dynamics. The new infrastructure and urban development of Madrid have changed the position of these deprived areas that originally were located at outlying areas with accessibility and isolation problems, and now are well-connected neighborhoods but socially stigmatized. A neighbor of Fuencarral settlement describes this change just like this: "We were displaced outside the city and now we are standing over gold." The institutional action in these areas comes as a response to social tensions and protests of the organized citizens at the end of the dictatorship regime. As a result, the State sets up the Remodeling Operation and the necessary structures and legal basis to act in 28 slums. The Remodeling Operation began in the late 70's and concludes in the late 80's. Subsequently, other areas in similar conditions also require the same treatment, and the Remodeling was extended to other 8 suburbs, though some of them have at the moment no sign of remodeling activity. In these decades, the Operation has undergone several phases in which different problems have been detected, mainly due to execution times of each experience, housing tenure system and different interests between communities and institutions. Though in the first projects the communities engagement was great, in the current experiences the communities are less organized and have lost pressure capability. In this situation, the revitalization of these areas in a participatory manner and its integration with the rest of the city taking into account the identity of each neighborhood may be an interesting opportunity. For these communities is the chance to achieve quality levels of urban life, improve energy efficiency and connect with the dynamics of the city. Whilst for the cities means recovering the activities of bonded areas located at strategic points, reducing energy consumption and fostering sustainable urban development. Furthermore, this is a necessary debate in the current European scene, in which we can observe an increase in number of participatory community development experiences that have to cope with difficulties due to lack of interests and mechanisms to integrate them in the city strategies.
The Importance of the Participatory Dimension in Urban Resilience Improvement Processes
Sustainability, 2020
This article discusses the approach adopted by the researchers into citizen participation in urban regeneration actions and projects. It describes the concepts of sustainability and habitability in relation to the urban environment and architecture within the framework of improving the resilience of our cities through the circular economy and decarbonisation processes in architecture. The authors review the participatory dimension of different urban regeneration actions carried out in Spain and the impact of this dimension on the results obtained by environmental, economic and social urban improvements. They then define possible strategies and methodological tools for integrating this dimension into traditional urban regeneration processes. The article presents case studies and their specific characteristics, and draws conclusions about their effectiveness and relevance. It also compares citizen-led interventions with interventions led by public administrations. Lastly, the authors ...
Urban Regeneration Process: The Case of a Residential Complex in a Suburb of Rome, Italy
sustainability, 2019
With the aim of promoting biological, social and psychological well-being, a multi-institutional and multidisciplinary action-research process was developed for the regeneration of a large residential complex in Rome, Italy. A methodology with a community-based approach was adopted in a context where spatial segregation is intertwined with health and social inequalities. Methods: Through qualitative-quantitative analysis involving the active participation of the local population and institutions in every stage, an integrated survey model was developed in order to create proper communication between the needs of the population and sustainable solutions. Results: the implemented process allowed for clear planning of actions and interventions that could be economically sustainable through the structuring and development of a local network. Conclusions: the process involving the participation of the population in the analysis of their own problems and difficulties, as well as in the development of possible interventions and actions to be proposed, appears to be the only adequate approach that allows for the definition of mutual objectives based on the real needs of the end users.