IMMUNOMODULATORY ACTIVITY OF PROBIOTICS AGAINST SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM INFECTED MICE (original) (raw)
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Indonesian Journal of …, 2010
Probiotic is defined as live microorganism added to food that give benefit to host by increasing the microbial balance of intestinal (Ziemer et al., 1998). Another definition stated that probiotic is live microorganism which is consumed by oral and give health effect (Losada et al., 2002; Champagne et al., 2005). Some lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been studied as potent probiotic. Current researchs of probiotic focus on the capability of the products to increase immune system and immune response mechanism which is thought to play an important role to protect the body from any
Characterization and specificity of probiotics to prevent salmonella infection in mice
Background: Probiotic strains of bacteria can prevent Salmonella from causing disease by preventing the pathogen from colonizing the intestines. Two strains of probiotics, Lactobacillus acidophilius and Pediococcus spp, that were obtained from poultry fecal samples have been shown to be efficacious in poultry. The objective of this study was to determine if these strains of probiotics could prevent salmonellosis in a mouse model. Methods: First, both strains of probiotics were evaluated for in vitro efficacy to inhibit the growth of and interfere with virulence gene regulation in Salmonella enterica. For in vivo efficacy, mice was used which models Typhoid illness. Mice were divided into 2 groups: Control and treatment, Lactobacillus and Pediococcus (LP; 108 Log CFU). Two experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, the mice were treated with LP in water for the first two days of the experiment and challenged with Salmonella at day three. In the second experiment, the LP treatment was given in the water for 10 days and challenge was performed on day 11. In both experiments, at day 20 post-challenge, all mice were sacrificed, intestinal tracts and organs removed and cultured for Salmonella. Results: The probiotic strains inhibited the growth of Salmonella and down-regulation of virulence genes was noted, but dependent on the strain of Salmonella being evaluated. For the in vivo experiment, the probiotics did not afford the mice protection from infection and increasing the length of time the probiotics were administered did not improve the efficacy of the probiotics. Conclusions: It appears that these strains of probiotic bacteria are effective against Salmonella in vitro. However, these isolates did not afford protection from Salmonella infection to mice which may be due to host specifity as these isolates were obtained from poultry.
Journal of Pharmacy Research , 2015
Background: Bacterial infections are common despite prophylactic administration of antibiotics. The widespread use of antibiotics in patients has contributed to the emergence of multiresistant bacteria. A restricted use of antibiotics must be followed in most clinical situations. In patients there are several reasons for an altered microbial flora in the gut in combination with an altered barrier function leading to an enhanced inflammatory response. Several experimental and clinical studies have shown that probiotics may reduce the number of potentially pathogenic bacteria and restore a deranged barrier function. Methods: In this study Wistar albino rats were chosen to evaluate the effectiveness of Probiotic therapy by inducing them with infection using known bacterial pathogen Salmonella typhimurium and Treatment with common probiotics such as Bacillus megaterium.After the induction and treatment period the samples (Blood, Serum and tissues) were analyzed for haematological parameters, Biochemical markers and histopathological nature by comparing with non-induced and induced controls. Results and Discussion: The haematological, biochemical and the histopathological parameters studied were comparatively abnormal in induced animals and also they were very close to normal range in rats induced and treated with probiotics. The effectiveness was good for Bacillus megaterium. The reason behind that may be the ways and means how the organisms accommodate and accustom to the intestinal environment. Conclusion: The study has clearly indicated that probiotics could effectively be used for various ailments induced by pathogenic microorganisms.
Scientific Reports, 2020
Salmonella infections have become a major health concern in recent decades. This pathogen has evolved to become resistant to antibiotics, which has caused problems in its treatment. As such, finding a novel preventive method is important in the treatment and management of this infection. In recent years, uses of probiotics, especially spore-former genera such as Bacillus spp. has become increasingly popular. In this study spores of two probiotic bacteria, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus coagulans were fed to rats for three weeks through their daily water intake after which Salmonella Typhimurium was gavaged to the rats. On days 1, 3, 5 and 7 after gavaging, the number of Salmonella was counted in liver, spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, feces and content of ileum and cecum. Hematological and biochemical parameters, inflammatory mediators, total antioxidant capacity and malondialdehyde were also measured. The results showed that B. subtilis and B. coagulans caused delation in infiltrati...
International Journal of Food Microbiology, 2010
The prevention of pathogen infections is one of the most extensively studied effects of probiotics. L. casei CRL 431 is a probiotic bacterium and its effects on the gut immune cells have been extensively studied. The aim of the present study was to determine, using a mouse model, the preventive and therapeutic effect of L. casei CRL 431 to achieve protection against Salmonella enteritidis serovar Typhimurium infection. In both previous and continuous (previous and post-infection) probiotic administration, the mechanisms induced by this lactic acid bacteria on the first line of intestinal defense (non-specific barrier and the innate immune cells associated to the gut), as a way to understand some of the mechanisms involved in the protection against Salmonella enteritidis serovar Typhimurium, were analyzed. The results obtained demonstrated that 7 days L. casei CRL 431 administration before infection decreased the severity of the infection with Salmonella enteritidis serovar Typhimurium, demonstrating that the continuous administration (even after infection) had the best effect. This continuous administration diminished the counts of the pathogen in the intestine as well as its spread outside this organ. Several mechanisms and cells are involved in this protective effect against Salmonella enteritidis serovar Typhimurium. L. casei CRL 431 acted on cells of the innate and adaptive immune response. The probiotic administration decreased the neutrophil infiltration with the consequent diminution of intestinal inflammation; activated the macrophage phagocytic activity in different sites such as Peyer's patches, spleen and peritoneum; and increased the number of IgA + cells in the lamina propria of the small intestine which was correlated with increased release of s-IgA specific against the pathogen in the intestinal fluids. The mechanism of the inhibition of cellular apoptosis was not involved.
Antimicrobial Activity of Probiotics on Swiss Mice
Journal of Food Science and Engineering
Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is the first cause identified of food poisoning in humans; new data indicate that the resistant strains of Salmonella sp. can be inhibited by a bacterial population present in foods have been called probiotics. Our study was conducted on Swiss albino mice in order to know the effect of probiotics or biotherapeutic agents, and suggest the different therapeutic possibilities of intestinal complications related to the presence of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium; Reference strains, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus paracasei in combination with Bifidobacterium sp. were tested for their health benefits. The number of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium decreases in intestine, in the stomach and in the liver for group 2, 3 in case of preventive treatment and group 4, 5 in case of a therapeutic treatment due to the use of a culture of probiotics, in comparison with group 1 where we recorded a high number. The bio-therapeutic treatment was finally confirmed by macroscopic and microscopic observations of different target organs before and after treatment for the experiment period.
Archives of …, 2010
The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of intragastric administration with two strains of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis (Bifido A and Bifido B), in gnotobiotic and conventional mice, challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium. In vitro antagonism test showed that the two strains were able to produce antagonistic substances against various pathogenic microorganisms. In an ex vivo antagonism test the production of antagonistic substances was observed only against three out ten pathogens tested. Both Bifidobacterium strains were able to colonize and to maintain high population levels in the digestive tract of gnotobiotic mice. In addition, the two strains had low and limited translocation ability and did not cause any histological lesion in any of the organs analyzed. Both strains were able to reduce the fecal number of Salmonella in gnotobiotic mice challenged with the pathogen, but only Bifido B was able to confer a protection as demonstrated by a lower mortality. Higher levels of sIgA and IL-10 were observed only in Bifido B mono-associated mice when compared to germ free group. We could conclude that, among the parameters analyzed, the strain Bifido B exhibited the more desirable characteristics to be used as a probiotic.
Veterinary Microbiology, 2001
Vitacanis 1 , a probiotic preparation containing a Lactobacillus acidophilus, an Enterococcus faecium and a Saccharomyces cerevisiae, has been developed for the prevention of intestinal disorders in dogs and cats. In the present study, these microorganisms were tested jointly or singly during experimental infection of gnotobiotic mice with Salmonella Typhimurium. Four experimental groups consisting of animals given probiotics jointly or singly and a control group consisting of germfree mice were used. The groups were treated with one or three of the microorganisms (experimental) or PBS (control) 10 days before intragastric challenge with a suspension containing about 10 2 cells of the bacterial pathogen. A higher survival (P`0X05) was observed in gnotobiotic mice given E. faecium (82%). All the animals in the other groups died after the challenge but the survival time was longer (P`0X05) for groups given all three of the microorganisms (7X4 AE 2X4 days) or given only L. acidophilus (7X2 AE 2X9 days) than for the control mice (4X4 AE 1X1 days) and the mice that received S. cerevisiae (4X9 AE 1X6 days) mice. The survival data agreed with the histopathological ®ndings which showed more severe liver and intestinal lesions in control mice and in mice given Saccharomyces. In vitro antagonistic assays showed inhibition growth of E. faecium and S. Typhimurium around the colonies of L. acidophilus and for S. Typhimurium around the colonies of E. faecium. However, in vivo, S. Typhimurium became similarly established in the digestive tract of gnotobiotic mice at levels ranging from 10 8 to 10 10 CFU/g of feces and remained at these high levels until the animals died or were sacri®ced.
2020
Background: Although the intestinal lumen is a major way for the entrance of pathogens such as Salmonella, they face a dense microbiota in the gut lumen. This community confers health bene ts. The probiotics enhance the colonization resistance and direct inhibitory effects against pathogens, which are important in reducing the incidence, duration of gastroenteritis and also histopathological effects. Methods: In this study spore of two probiotic bacteria, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus coagulans were fed to rats for three weeks through their daily water intake after which Salmonella Typhimurium was gavaged to the rats. On days 1, 3, 5 and 7 after gavaging, intestinal microbiota and days 1, 3, 5 and 7 after gavaging, gut and liver histopathological changes were evaluated. Results: In comparison to the control group, Salmonella caused no change in spore and aerobic bacteria population but it caused anaerobic and coliform bacteria increase and LAB reduction. But B. subtilis and B. coagulans accompaniment with salmonella reduced the anaerobe and coliform bacteria and decreased the LAB population following Salmonella infection. Also, the histopathological evaluation showed that these probiotic attenuated shortening and fusion of villi, mononuclear cells in ltration, submucosal edema and epithelial necrosis in the intestine, hepatocyte degeneration and mononuclear cells in ltration in the liver which occurred due to Salmonella infection. Conclusion: B. subtilis and B. coagulans help the maintenance of the gut micro ora population and reduce the histopathological effects when exposing to the Salmonella, which, causes the reduction of this pathogen effects and early recovery. Background Salmonella infection remains a distressing public health concern worldwide [1]. Salmonella strains are adapted into various environments, including human, animal and non-animal hosts due to their genetic make-up [2]. Non-Typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) refers to Salmonella strains other than S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi which are found in animal reservoirs. In humans, NTS infections cause gastroenteritis or 'stomach u', which is accompanied by symptoms such as non-bloody diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, headache, abdominal cramps, and myalgia and sometimes hepatomegaly and splenomegaly [3]. Among NTS, S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis are recognized as important foodborne pathogens [4, 5]. Nowadays Salmonella spp. are becoming resistant to antibiotics, which makes the treatment so di cult [6, 7]. Although the intestinal lumen is a major way for pathogens entrance such as Salmonella, the pathogens face a dense microbiota in the gut lumen. This community confers health bene ts [8], including the prevention of enteropathogen colonization and growth through competition for nutrients [9, 10]. Some microbiota strains secrete inhibitory compounds, preventing the growth of invading pathogens [11]. Other microbiota strains may compete for binding sites on the mucous surface of the epithelium. Also, the resident microbiota causes an oxygen-depleted environment, which reduces the growth of facultative anaerobic pathogens like Salmonella spp. [11, 12]. Probiotics are de ned by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)/WHO as "live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health bene t on the host". The mechanism of probiotic action is likely to be multifactorial. The enhancement of colonization resistance and direct inhibitory effects against pathogens are important in reducing the incidence and duration of gastroenteritis. They also slow down the pathogens through the production of inhibitory compounds (such as bacteriocins), reduction of luminal pH through the production of short-chain fatty acid, competition for nutrients and adhesion sites on the intestinal mucosa and submucosa, modulation of the immune response and regulating of gene expression (for instance, the expression of mucin genes) [13, 14]. The mechanism used by probiotics within the human gut microbiota is unclear [15]. Spore-former probiotics are so important due to their high vitality against gastric acid and bile salts [16]. Spores of Bacillus spp. commercially used as probiotics, and unlike Lactobacillus spp., they are dormant [17]. Consequently, this study was planned to evaluate the preventive effects of spores of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus coagulans as a probiotic on gut microbiota population and intestinal and liver damage of rats infected with Salmonella Typhimurium. Methods Study settings In this experimental study 80 Spargue-Dawley rats weighting 170-180 gr were procured from the Department of animal lab, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Iran. They were housed in plastic cages and kept under 12-hour light/ dark condition, a temperature of 20-25 °C, humidity of 50-60 %, and free access to food (commercial standard pellets) and water in order to adaptation to the new environment. After an acclimatization period of 1 week, they were randomly divided into four main groups, each containing ve subgroups (four rats in each subgroup) and treated as follows:
Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2012
Aims: To investigate the immunoprotective ability of three Lactobacilli strains against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in a mouse model. To identify the probiotic properties involved in the protection against infection caused by this pathogen. Methods and Results: The immunomodulatory effect of three different lactobacilli strains: Lactobacillus (Lact.) casei CRL 431 (probiotic bacterium), Lact. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus CRL 423 (Lact. bulgaricus) and Lact. acidophilus CRL 730 was compared using a mouse model of Salmonella infection. Lactobacillus casei continuous administration improved animal survival, diminished pathogen spreading outside the intestine, attenuated the intestinal inflammation, modulated cytokine profile previous and postinfection and increased the expression and secretion of IgA in the gut. Additionally, the administration of this lactobacilli increased peritoneal, Peyer's patches and spleen macrophages' phagocytic activity in healthy mice and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP-1) released by intestinal epithelial cells in an in vitro assay. Although Lact. acidophilus increased the number of IgA-secreting cells previous and postinfection, and Lact. bulgaricus increased MCP-1 released by intestinal epithelial cells and the phagocytic activity of macrophages, these effects alone were not enough to confer protection against Salmonella Typhimurium infection in mouse. Conclusions: Probiotic strain Lact. casei CRL 431 was the one that induced protection against Salmonella, by increasing the intestinal barrier function and by decreasing the local inflammatory response. Significance and Impact of the Study: Salmonella spp. constitutes an important agent of foodborne diseases in the world. Not all lactobacilli, even with some immunostimulating properties at gut level, can protect against Salmonella infection. Lactobacillus casei CRL 431, a probiotic bacterium, could be useful as an oral mucosal adjuvant of the immune system to improve gut health, especially in the prevention or amelioration of Salmonella infections. We demonstrated that there is not a unique mechanism by which this protective effect was exerted.