Bacteriological Quality Assessment and Antibiogram Profile of Bacteria Associated with Sachet Drinking Water Sold at Zaria, Northern Nigeria (original) (raw)
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Journal of Scientific Research and Reports, 2019
The research reports the occurrence and antibiogram pattern of the pathogenic organisms Shigella spp., Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli in retailed sachet water in order to assess their microbial quality and potential health impact on consumers. A total of 50 sachet water, consisting of three different brands, were bought from sale outlets in Oluponna, Osun State, Nigeria and screened on Salmonella-Shigella agar for Shigella spp.and Salmonella spp. and on Eosin-methylene agar for E. coli using the pour plating technique. Antibiotic sensitivity profile using 0.5 McFarland of each of the obtained isolate was carried out on Mueller Hinton agar using the disc diffusion method. Results showed that the percentage occurrence were was E. coli (98%), Salmonella spp. (26%) and Shigella spp. (98%). E. coli isolates were 100% resistant to cefixime while Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp. were 100% resistant to cefuroxime. Furthermore, the different strains of isolates phenotypically exhibited multidrug resistance, with E. coli having the highest multidrug resistance of 73.33% to the combinations of cefuroxime, cefixime, ceftazidime, augmentin, and nitrofurantion. It is suggested that if adequate process treatment is given to packaged water, during production and the microbial quality kept within the World Health Organization (WHO) and Standards Organization of Nigeria (SON) standards, the presence of these bacterial pathogens, as well as their antibiotic resistant and multi-drug resistant forms would be eliminated in the water, hence, would make the drinking water safe for public consumption.
Caliphate Journal of Science and Technology, 2022
Potable water serves as an important source for primary prevention of diseases and the foundation for the prevention and control of water borne diseases. This study was conducted to determine the bacteriological quality of ten (10) brands of sachet water commonly consumed in Dutse urban, Jigawa state, Nigeria using Membrane Filtration Technique method for enumeration of both total coliform and fecal coliform counts. Eosin methylene blue, Salmonella Shigella and plate count media as well as membrane filters with 0.45µm pore size were used. Total bacterial counts for all the water samples were not within the recommended limits by regulatory bodies; Environmental Protection Agency, World Health Organization, and National Agency for Food and Drugs Administration and Control. Results revealed that the sampled sachet water was contaminated with Klebsiella aerogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella paratyphi A, Shigella flexneri, Proteus vulgaris, Proteus mirabilis and Streptococcus pyo...
BACTERIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF SACHET WATER VENDED IN UGBOR, BENIN CITY, NIGERIA
Sachet water is the ultimate source of drinking water in Nigeria. Twelve brands of sachet water vended in Ugbor village, Oredo Local Government Area, Benin City were analysed to determine the sensory properties, pH and the bacteriological quality using standard methods. Antibiotic susceptibility profile of the bacteria isolates was carried out using the disc diffusion method. All the samples were clear and odourless. The pH readings of the water samples ranged between 5.0 and 7.2. Bacterial growths were recorded in eleven out of the twelve water samples. The total heterotrophic count was between 2.2-8.9×10 1 cfu/ml. Coliforms were present in six of the water samples with a count of 2.2-4.3×10 1 cfu/ml. The isolates were identified as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas sp, Aeromonas sp, Corynebacterium sp, Bacillus sp, Bacillus badius, Proteus vulgaris and Escherichia coli. Staphylococcus aureus had the highest percentage occurrence of 24% while Bacillus sp., Escherichia coli and Corynebacterium sp. had the lowest percentage occurrence of 8% each. It was observed that all of the isolates were resistant to Ceftazidime (caz), Cefuroxime (crx), and Augmentin (aug) and sensitive to Ciprofloxacin (cpr) and Ofloxacin (ofl). Most of the isolates were sensitive to Gentamicin (gen) except for Pseudomonas sp., Escherichia coli, and Proteus vulgaris. Most of the isolates were resistant to Cefixime (cxm) except for Staphylococcus aureus, Corynebacterium sp. and Bacillus badius. Eleven of the twelve sachet water samples studied did not meet WHO standard for drinking water, hence, routine monitoring of producers of sachet water should be enforced.
Sachet drinking water, often called as 'pure water' is generally accepted safe for consumption. Ten brands of sachet water are mainly marketed at Kebbi State University of Science & Technology (KSUST) campus and Onion Market of Aliero (AOM). Seven of these are NAFDAC registered. Bacteriological analysis of 50 samples of each of the sachet drinking water samples was carried out to determine the potability of the sampled water. Standard conventional methods were employed for the detection of coliforms (viable count, presumptive coliform count by multiple tube method and confirm coliforms count) and other bacteria. Biochemical analysis as well as microscopic examination was performed for sediments and other debris and/or bacteria, protozoa and other fungal hyphae. Bacteriological analysis of the samples from both sites revealed the presence of pathogens (log 10cfu/ml) viz. Shigella spp. (3.41, 3.31), Salmonella spp. (2.10, 2.05), Staphylococcus aureus (5.04, 5.09), Streptococcus spp. (4.76, 4.80), Bacillus spp. (5.12, 5.10), E. coli (2.0, 1.93) and Yeasts (3.13, 4.00). Most of the sachet water brands fell below WHO drinking water standards and are therefore, of doubtful quality. Out of the ten brand samples tested, four samples showed the presence of contamination in the form of high number of coliforms and occurrence of intestinal pathogens. This indicates that the 'pure water' available in the University campus and Onion market are unfit for human consumption due to their inability to meet up with NAFDAC (2010) and WHO (2011) standard. Efforts need to be intensified in the monitoring of activities in this rapidly expanding industry with a view to raising standards. INTRODUCTION Water is one of the most essential commodities for the survival of all lives. It is abundant in nature and occupies about 70% of the earth's crust. It is also the biological medium on earth and is the only common substance that exists in nature in all three physical state of matter: solid, liquid and gas. It is the most universally used solvent and common route of transmission of diseases (Botkin and Keller, 1998).
Access to good quality drinking water is a challenge in most towns and cities in Nigeria and households have for years depended on other sources of water to supplement their activities. The introduction of sachet and bottled water to consumers was to provide safe, hygienic and affordable instant drinking water to the public. Although this is a laudable idea, current trends seem to suggest that sachet drinking water could be a route of transmission of diseases. The objective of this study was to determine the c of sachet water popularly known as "pure water" and bottled produced and sold in the municipal area of Abuja, Nigeria. Using simple random sampling procedures, 16 samples from 5 brands of sachet water and 3 brands of bottled water were collected from hawkers/vendors (2 samples per brand). The samples were analyzed using multiple tube method and biochemical assays. Results were recorded as Most Probable Number (MPN) of coliform per 100ml of water. The bacteriological quality of the samples was assessed based on the World Health Organization (WHO) classification system for drinking water. Four (25%) of the samples were Excellent, two (12.5%) were Satisfactory, seven (43.75%) were Suspicious and 3 (18.75%) were Unsatisfactory using the MPN values recorded. Seven sachet and two bottled water samples were contaminated with faecal coliform. Escherichia coli, Enterobacteraerogenes, enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiellasp, Staphylococcus aureus, shigella, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, were present in the sachet water sample while Citrobacter spp., Salmonella spp. and klebsiellaspp was present in the bottled water sample. The level of contamination could be due to inadequate treatment of water samples by the producers, improper use of filters or post-production contamination. The findings shows that even though Nigeria has national guidelines and regulations, and the regulatory agencies, the monitoring of the packaged water quality is poor as shown in this study where a product that has NAFDAC certification still fail to meet standard for portable water. There is, therefore, a need to monitor all those involved in water business to comply with the guidelines to avert possible outbreak of water-borne diseases as a result of consumption of contaminated water.
Bacteriological evaluation of sampled sachet water sold in Samaru-Zaria, Kaduna-State, Nigeria
Background: The quality of drinking water is an important environmental determinant of health. Widespread production and consumption of inadequately processed or contaminated packaged drinking water can lead to waterborne disease outbreaks. To safeguard public health, it is important that available packaged water is duly registered and regularly analysed. Aim: This study was carried out to determine the bacteriological quality of ten selected brands of sachet water produced and sold in Samaru Zaria metropolis. Materials and Methods: From the brands of sachet water being sold in samaru, ten most popular brands were identified and selected based on patronage by consumers and distributors. A total of 20 samples, two from each of the ten brands of sachet water were bought from water vendors every fortnight for 1 month (may-june 2013). Results: The total coliform count ranged from 2–18+/100 ml. Isolates were identified to be Klebsiella spp., [40%] Proteus spp., [30%] Pseudomonas spp. [20%] and Chromobacterium violaceum [10%]. All were negative for thermotolerant coliforms, Salmonella, Shigella and Vibrio cholera. Conclusion: The results of this study showed contamination with microorganisms found naturally in water, soil or vegetation which indicates a problem with the overall quality of water production but showed no contamination with sewage or animal waste. Microbiological assessment of drinking water quality should be done periodically with the regulatory body National agency for food and drug administration and control (NAFDAC) ensuring good quality assurance and maintenance of internationally defined drinking water standards.
Sachet water in Nigeria is popularly called ‘Pure Water’. The demand for safe drinking water in Nigeria cannot be overemphasized considering the inability of the government to provide adequate pipe borne water to the populace. However, safe drinking water is very scarce, the ever increasing demand of readily available water has led to the concept of pure water. Is this sachet water really safe for drinking? This study was carried out to examine the microbiological quality of sachet drinking water sold in Bayelsa and Rivers States, Niger Delta regions of Nigeria Different brands of sachets water sold and consumed in Rivers and Bayelsa states (Niger Delta regions of Nigeria) were studied for the presence of Salmonella species and other enteric microorganisms between January and October 2012. Thirty five (35) sachets water from seven (7) different brands were serially diluted and cultured on selective media Mac Conkey, Salmonella Shigella and Eosin Methylene Blue agar and Nutrient agar for stock culture, while Muller Hinton agar was used for sensitivity test. Pure isolates suspension was standardized with 0.5 Mc Farland turbidity standard and were subjected to antibiotics susceptibility test using Agar Diffusion method and Biomark antibiotic disc. Bottle water was also tested as control. Various bacteria were isolated from all the test sachets water except the bottle water. The microbial counts ranged from 1.9 x 102 Cfu/ml to 6.3 x 105 Cfu/ml. Bacteria isolates include Salmonella sp. 16 strains, Streptococcus sp. 12 strains, Klebsiella sp. 6 strains, Escherichia coli 2 strains, Bacillus sp. 7 strains, Enterococcus sp. 4, and Enterobacter sp. 2. All the isolates were highly susceptible to Fluoroquinolones class of antibiotics, Ofloxacin (98.1%) Pefloxacin (99.2%), Levofloxacin (95.5%), Ciprofloxacin (99.5%), Streptomycin (94.4%) and Aminoglycosides Gentamycin (94.4%); moderately susceptible to Penicillin class, Amoxicillin (55.2%), Ampiclox (54.2%), Rifampicin (65.7%) and Macrolides, Erytromycin (64.1%) and highly resistant to Nalidixic Acid, Ampicillin and Ceporex. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference in the efficacy of the antibiotics susceptibility at (P<0.05). These findings showed that the quality of test sachets water does not meet the World Health Organization Standard and should be discouraged from drinking. The drug pattern in this study may serve as a guide in patient care. KEYWORDS: Sachet water, Antimicrobial susceptibility, Salmonella species, Bacteria.
2017
Some Sachet water brands sold in Awka, Nigeria were assessed bacteriologically to confirm their compliance with the World Health Organization standard for drinking water. The temperature, pH, total bacterial count, total coliform count, faecal coliform count, faecal Enterococci count and Clostridium perfringens count were determined using standard techniques. The temperature values were 27-29 0 C; pH, 6.2-7.0; total bacterial count, 35-50cfu/ml; total colifom count, 4-20MPN/100ml; faecal coliform count, 0-10MPN/100ml; faecal Enterococci count, 0-5MPN/100ml while Clostridium perfringens were absent in all the brands assessed. The bacterial isolates were Escherichia coli (9.7%), Staphylococcus aureus (18.0%), Enterobacter aerogenes (17.5%), Bacillus cereus (14.6%), pseudomonas aeruginosa (20.1%), Proteus mirabilis (12.1%) and Enterococcus faecalis (8.0%). Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis and Ent...
Bacteriological evaluation of some sachet water on sales in Owerri metropolis, Imo State, Nigeria
usm.my
Aims: Continuous increase in the sale and indiscriminate consumption of packaged drinking waters in Nigeria is of public health significance. In order to safe guard public health, it is essential that the available packaged water is of the highest quality. This study was carried out to evaluate the bacteriological quality of packaged water on sale in Owerri metropolis, Imo State of Nigeria. Methodology and Results: From 30 registered sachet water factories, 8 samples each was purchased randomly fifteen of the brands of sachet water all over Owerri metropolis in Imo State, Southeastern Nigeria. These were analyzed for presence of bacterial indicators of water quality. Four weeks later, a second batch of the samples was collected from other brands. A mean plate counts was taken and the organisms from each water sample identified using standard procedures. The results showed that 11 (73.3%) sachet water brands had growths of pathogenic organisms in the first batch while 10 (66.6%) had growth in the second batch. The isolates were identified to be Klebsilla spp., Serratia spp., Proteus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Chromobacterium spp. The study showed that Klebsiella pneumoniae [7(29.2%)] was the most predominant. This was closely followed by Serratia spp. [6(25.0%)] and Proteus mirabilis [6(25.0%)]. Pseudomonas aeruginosa [3(12.5%)] and Chromobacterium spp. [2(8.3%)] was least predominant. Mean total heterotrophic bacteria plate counts (HPC) per millilitre ranged from 0.0 to 6.0 x 10 2 CFU/mL at 22 °C and 0.0 to 7.0 x 10 2 CFU/mL at 37 °C (first batch) and 0.0 to 5.0 x 10 2 CFU/mL at 22 °C and 0.0 to 10.0 x 10 2 CFU/mL at 37 °C for the second batch. Thus they fell below the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and World Health Organization (WHO) drinking water standard of 100 HPC per millilitre of water. Bacteriological examination of different brands of sachet water samples collected from different locations showed that only Vince water and Akudo table water was found to be safe for drinking while the other brands of sachet water from mobile vendors in Owerri metropolis was not potable. Conclusion, Significance and Impact of study: Hence, the bacteriological quality of some of the brands of sachet water on sale in Owerri was of poor quality index. The study suggests that sachet water could be a route of transmission of enteric pathogens among the populace. In order to safe guard public health, highest quality brands of sachet water is therefore advocated.
2020
Water is a vital gift of nature and elixir to life but population growth has outpaced local effort to satisfy its potable services hence taken over by private sector sale in packaged plastic sachets. The need to ascertain the microbiological quality in order to determine the safety becomes paramount. Ten (10) different brands of sachet water were collected at random at each of the ten visits (n=100) in Dutse metropolis in wet season and then in dry season, making a total of 200 of sachet water samples (n=200). They were analyzed for bacterial loads including aerobic mesophilic and total coliform count, detection of selected bacteria of medical importance such as Escherichia coli (0157:H7 inclusive), Salmonella sp and Vibrio cholera using appropriate media. Results obtained showed that all the water samples met the zero criterion for the presence of coliforms as recommended by WHO and other related bodies. No growth was observed on any of the inoculated plates, indicating absence of any of the target bacteria, portraying good manufacturing practices by the producers and as well indicated high level of conformity to specified standard procedures in treatment, packaging, storage and distribution of sachet waters in the metropolis. These might lead to significant decrease in waterborne illnesses in Dutse metropolitan. It is highly recommended that the producers should keep the feat in order to promote safe public health in this environment.