Ein zweiter hellenistischer Naiskos im Apollonheiligtum von Didyma? (Kurzfassung) (original) (raw)
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BAUTECHNIK IM ANTIKEN UND VORANTIKEN KLEINASIEN Internationale Konferenz 13.-16. Juni 2007 in Istanbul, 2009
Allein auf Bauteilen des hellenistischen Naiskos von Didyma konnten während jüngster Forschungen drei verschiedene Arten von Versatzmarken festgestellt werden. Zum einen fanden sich auf seinem westlichen Fundament einige, die aus dem 3. Jh. v. Chr. stammen. Die Stoßfugen sind dort mit aufeinanderfolgenden Buchstaben markiert. Jeweils ein und derselbe Buchstabe befindet sich rechts und links einer jeden Stoßfuge. Somit liegt ein Beispiel für die sog. Fugenzählung vor. Diese und weitere während der Grabung 2005 gemachte Entdeckungen weisen daraufhin, dass Teile des Naiskosfundaments wiederverwendet sind. Weiterhin wurden im 3. Jh. v. Chr. auf Säulentrommeln des Naiskos Versatzmarken angebracht, die seine vier Säulen von eins bis vier durchnummerieren. Die Merkmale dieser Versatzmarken betonen klar den Zweck des Neubaus, da sie auf den Unterlagern der Trommeln eingehauen sind. Diese Art von Versatzmarken kann mit Säulenzählung bezeichnet werden. Die größte Menge und Vielfalt von Versatzmarken konnte schließlich am Oberbau des Naiskos beobachtet werden. Beinahe jedes Werkstück ist mit ein bis drei solcher Zeichen versehen, die die horizontale und die vertikale Lage der Teile am Bau kennzeichnen. Auch dort findet sich die Fugenzählung. Außerdem werden die einzelnen Wandschichten durchnummeriert, d. h. ein Beispiel für die sog. Schichtzählung liegt vor. Die Gestalt der Versatzmarken lässt sich anhand paläografischer Merkmale in die späte Kaiserzeit datieren. Womöglich dienten sie dazu, den Wiederaufbau des Naiskos anzuleiten, da er in dieser Zeit zum ersten Mal abgerissen wurde. Diese Geschehnisse könnten im Zusammenhang mit dem Gotensturm von 262/63 n. Chr. stehen.
e-Forschungsberichte des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts 2, 2019, 138–146, 2019
Herodotus (6.19) reports that after the conquest of Miletus in 494 B.C. by the Persian king Darius “the temple at Didyma with its shrine and place of divination was plundered and burnt.” This literary source, the temple was »burnt«, in this instance meaning »destroyed«, is questioned by the archaeological evidence. Though, there are some architectural fragments of the archaic Apollo temple (›temple II‹) discoloured by fire or actually burnt, which undoubtedly testify to a fire, just a small portion of, e. g., column drums show these traces amounting to approximately 30 %. Obviously at a later post-Archaic time, the architecture of the just damaged archaic temple was systematically shattered. Since hundreds of well preserved archaic architectural fragments were found shattered and ›buried‹ in the shafts of the foundations of the Hellenistic temple (›temple III‹), this systematic dissambly could not have taken place earlier than in the Late Classical or Early Hellenistic period, when the construction of the successor was started and the archaic temple was step-by-step dismantled. At Didyma can be recognized a differentiated, mainly economically motivated handling with the architectural fragments of the archaic Apollo temple. But the reason for the ›recycling‹ of the fragments of its large altar was not an economic, but more probably a historical-commemorative and sacral one, because the significant altar cyma was reused on the temple terrace wall and exhibited on an altar-like high base at the former site of the archaic altar probably badly damaged by the Persians. This ›monument‹ referred pars pro toto back to the most important sacred building of the archaic sanctuary.
wbg Academic; 388 p.; 155 fig. (13 col.)., 2020
The exploration of Didyma began during the Renaissance, since then many travellers have arrived to visit and examine the ruin of the world’s largest temple dedicated to Apollo. The excavations continue to this very day and have brought to light more buildings within the last number of years; for example the theatre and the temple of Artemis. Ulf Weber collaborated on the research of the sanctuary of Apollo for many years. Now, for the first time he presents all of the most distinguished and important scholars reaching Didyma since the fifteenth century. During the writing process several new discoveries of the history of research were yielded and even some additional material on the sanctuary of Apollo itself. Various unpublished drawings and photos are included. The history of research is presented chronologically in which the buildings, history and religion of Didyma are deeply embedded. In doing so, the author describes the current state of research of the German excavations. Many, partly amusing, episodes of those travellers and scientists involved bring this significant piece of culture and research history to life.
Der Altar des Apollon von Didyma
Istanbuler Mitteilungen des DAI, 2015
In front of the east facade of the Temple of Apollo at Didyma, no altar has ever been found that corresponds to the monumental Hellenistic building in terms of size, quality and dating. Textual and pictorial sources provide evidence of a sacrificial altar that consisted of blood and ashes. Moreover, the sanctuary’s topography as well as Greek sacrificial practice attest that the altar of Apollo can only have stood in the forecourt east of the temple. There, in the first excavations, a circular structure was discovered and was interpreted as an edifice enclosing the blood-and-ash altar. Just a short time later, doubts were voiced about this interpretation, and they partly persist to this day; hence the question of the altar at Didyma has apparently remained unanswered. Analysis of all the sources reveals, however, that the late Archaic circular structure accommodated a blood-and-ash altar presumably until the end of antiquity. Consequently an early form of altar was retained at Didyma throughout antiquity, and no direct parallel can be found for it anywhere else. The antiquated altar, completely unsuited to the immense Hellenistic building, in the end probably served to enhance the credibility of the oracle of Apollo.
Eine spätbyzantinische Ölpresse im Apollonheiligtum von Didyma
Istanbuler Mitteilungen, 2009
At Didyma in 2004, find-assemblages from the middle and late Byzantine era were uncovered in two test excavations. At the south-west corner of the Temple of Apollo, in Section B North, the stone weight of an oil press and the remains of two walls were exposed, as was a further wall in Section A North. The stone weight from B North belonged to an olive oil production complex dating from the 13th century. Grooves cut into the surface of the stone weight indicate that a wooden screw was originally attached to it. The screw in turn was connected to a lever that was anchored in a wall which no longer survives but stood on the lowest krepis step of the Temple of Apollo. The press bed is still in situ, following a straight line from the stone weight to the krepis. Next to it, the Mahltasse and the grinding stone of an oil mill – necessary for the production of olive oil along with the oil press – were found in earlier excavations. On the basis of the Byzantine glazed ceramics found at the site, the first phase of the complex can be dated to the 2nd half of the 12th century, the second phase to the 13th century.