Morphometric analysis of calcaneum in Indian population with corellations with the Gait in Humans. (original) (raw)
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The morphometric analysis of calcaneus and its articular facets
Indian Journal of Clinical Anatomy and Physiology
Calcaneus being the key bone of the longitudinal arch forms the posterior pillar. It is responsible for receiving the body weight and transmitting it to the plantar arch below. The aim of the present study is to see the variations in articular facets and dimensions of calcaneus. Ninety-eight dry calcaneus were procured from department of Anatomy, Mediciti Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad. All the bones were of unknown gender that are housed in the collection at department of Anatomy grossly normal without any physical damage. Among the ninety-eight dry calcaneus, type-B articular facets were seen mostly. Morphometric measurements of calcaneus were similar to that of other studies. Mild variations that were observed might be due to racial or different points taken as reference for measurements. Analysis of morphometric parameters plays key role in reconstruction surgeries and foot rehabilitation procedures.
A MORPHOLOGICAL AND MORPHOMETRIC STUDY OF HUMAN CALCANEI AND THEIR ARTICULAR FACETS
Introduction: Calcaneum is the longest, strongest and biggest of all the tarsal bones of the proximal row.Anterior and posterior articulations between the calcaneus and talus form a functional unit termed the talocalcaneal or subtalar joint. Talocalcaneal joint maintains eversion and inversion of the foot. Differences with respect to race, as well as individual characteristics, suggest that the articular facets play a key role in both static and dynamic kinetics of the foot and ankle. Material and method: The present study was carried out with 50 calcanei, 25 bones of right side and 25 bones of left side of unknown sex which were obtained from the Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College, Amritsar. Any calcaneum looking pathological on general examination was discarded from the study. All the parameters were taken by using standard digital vernier calliper which is capable of measuring to the nearest of 0.01mm. Aim: The study seeks to observe the variations in the morphology and morphometry of the talar articular facets on the superior surface of dry calcaneal bones of adult human Results: Type I - Fused anterior and middle talar facet with a separate posterior facet in 33 cases - 66% (Rt 18 cases - 36%, Lt 15 cases - 30%), Type II - Separate anterior and middle talar facet in 10 cases - 20%(Rt 5 cases - 10% , Lt 5 cases - 10%), ,with a separate posterior talar facet, Type III –Absence of anterior articular facet in 2 cases - 4% (Rt 1 case – 2%, Lt 1 case - 2%) andType IV – All the three facets i.e. anterior, middle and posterior facets were seen on the superior surface of the calcaneus but anterior and middle facets incompletely separated from each other in 5 cases - 10% (Rt 1 cases - 2%, Lt 4 cases - 8%). Conclusion: The individual and racial differences of the anatomic construction of calcaneal talar articular facets influence the static and kinetic dynamics of foot
Estimation of length of calcaneum and talus from their bony markers
Forensic Science International, 2002
Since hardly a report is available on estimation of length of calcaneum and talus from a fragment of them, a fresh study was made on a present day south Indian population. A total of 110 calcanei (55 right and 55 left), and 70 tali (35 right and 35 left), all unpaired, dry, and devoid of gross pathology, were used. Maximum anteroposterior length of the bone was measured in millimeter using an anthropometric board, and linear measurements of the other bony markers were measured in millimeter using a sliding caliper. Bony markers of calcaneum were maximum anteroposterior length, maximum transverse width, length, width and depth of groove on the sustentaculum tali, and length, width, and depth of the sulcus calcanei. Bony markers of talus were maximum anteroposterior length, maximum transverse width, length and width of articular surface for the lateral malleolus, length and width of articular surface for the medial malleolus, vertical width and transverse width of articular surface of the head, width and depth of groove for tendon of the flexor hallucis longus, and length, width, and depth of the sulcus tali. Simple regression suggested that maximum length of the calcaneum regressed significantly with maximum transverse width, length, width and depth of groove on the sustentaculum tali, and length, width, and depth of the sulcus calcanei and that maximum length of the talus regressed significantly with maximum transverse width, length and width of the lateral articular surface, length of the medial articular surface, vertical and transverse diameters of the head, and depth of the sulcus tali. Maximum length of calcaneum and talus is derived from the regression values, to predict the stature of the person from available stature equations in the literature. #
Calcaneotalar Ratio: A New Concept in the Estimation of the Length of the Calcaneus
The Journal of foot and ankle surgery : official publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons, 2014
Maintaining the calcaneal length after calcaneal fractures is vital to restoring the normal biomechanics of the foot, because it acts as an important lever arm to the plantarflexors of the foot. However, estimation of the length of the calcaneus to be reconstructed in comminuted calcaneal fractures can be difficult. We propose a new method to reliably estimate the calcaneal length radiographically by defining the calcaneotalar length ratio. A total of 100 ankle radiographs with no fracture in the calcaneus or talus taken in skeletally mature patients were reviewed by 6 observers. The anteroposterior lengths of the calcaneus and talus were measured, and the calcaneotalar length ratio was determined. The ratio was then used to estimate the length of the calcaneus. Interobserver reliability was determined using Cronbach's α coefficient and Pearson's correlation coefficient. The mean length of the calcaneus was 75 ± 0.6 mm, and the mean length of the talus was 59 ± 0.5 mm. The c...
Patterns of Superior Articular Facet and Morphometric Study of Nepalese Dry Calcanei
SANAMED
Introduction: The three important articulating facets in the superior aspect of the calcaneum are the anterior, middle and posterior articulating facet. Descriptions of the posterior talar facet on the dorsum of the calcaneus are similar. However, there are differences when facet for the head of the talus on the calcaneus is considered. Four types (pattern I, II, III, IV) of calcaneus having different talar facets are reported in the literature. Objective: This study aims to describe the calcaneal bone by measuring its dimensions and determining the variations of talar articulating facet. Materials and methods: Overall 142 calcanei (68 right, 74 left) with unidentified gender, were assessed. Vernier calipers and Goniometry were used. Results: In this study Type I calcaneus (56.34 %) was the most prevalent type with Type II calcaneus (42.25 %) as the second most common type followed by Type IV (1.41 %) as the third frequently found pattern of calcaneus. Conclusion: Type I calcaneus w...
International Journal of Anatomy and Research, 2021
Introduction: Calcaneus and talus are bones of the hind foot. Calcaneus being the largest of tarsal bones has three facets on its superior surface for articulation with the talus namely anterior, middle and posterior talar facets. Proper alignment of these two bones is essential for maintenance of the arches of foot. Variations in the talar facets of calcanei are important because they influence subtalar joint stability. In many diseases of foot such as the talocalcaneal arthritis and coalition, intra-articular fracture etc, the size, shape and relation of talus and calcaneus with each other and other bones of the foot must be considered for the external and internal fixation and for other surgical procedures. Objectives: The present work is intended to study different patterns of talar articular facets on the calcaneum to have a better understanding of anatomical elements contributing to subtalar joint stability and to correlate findings of the present study with existing literatur...
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research
Objectives: Considering the importance of sexual dimorphism to the identification of skeletons for scientific, medical and forensic purposes, the aim of the present study was to investigate the gender of the person based on morphometric aspects of the proximal end of tibia in Indian population. Material and Method: This prospective descriptive study was carried out on 385 dry, adult tibias, which were collected from the department of Anatomy department of a medical college in north India. 385 fully ossified and processed dry bones were used to study. Unossified, injured or anomalous tibia bones were excluded from the study. Proximal end of tibia is studied under various parameters. After obtaining the values of the all parameters, data is corelated with the record section of the bone bank of the particular medical college. Result: It shows that, there is significant difference between male and female parameters and all results were statistically significant. Conclusion: This study w...
International Journal of Anatomy and Research, 2016
Background: Calcaneum is the largest tarsal bone of foot. The superior surface of calcaneum bears 3 articular facets anterior, middle and posterior for the talus. There are considerable variations in number and arrangement of these facets. Many times because of constant stress or calcium deposit, a bony deformity appears on it called calcaneal spur. Present study was done to determine pattern of the talar facets of calcanei and their clinical implication in North Indian population and association with calcaneal spur.
Determination of a standard site for the measurement of bone mineral density of the human calcaneus
Journal of Anatomy, 1998
Ultrasound of the calcaneus may be used as a cheap, ionising radiation-free and easy to use indicator of skeletal status, and hence of osteoporotic fracture risk. At present ultrasound is not widely used as it suffers from high precision errors. As ultrasound parameters are determined in part by bone mineral density (BMD), an increase in the accuracy and precision of BMD measurements should reduce the precision error associated with ultrasound measurements. The aim of this study was to define an anatomical site on the calcaneus at which accurate and precise measurements of BMD can be made. Ten dry calcanei and 10 cadaveric feet were scanned using a DXA scanner ; 9 anatomically defined regions (1 cm#) were selected in the posterior part of the calcaneus for analysis. The centre of region 1 was positioned halfway along the line joining the anterior border of the calcaneal tubercle and the peak of the posterior superior tubercle, and the remaining 8 regions were placed around this central area. The BMD in these 9 regions was compared with the whole bone BMD and the variability of BMD within each of the 9 regions was measured. The reproducibility of the technique was assessed by taking 10 repeated measurements of 2 bone and 2 cadaveric specimens, each specimen being removed and repositioned between measurements. Region 1 was found to be the most representative of total BMD in cadaveric feet. This region also showed the least variability of BMD and consistently gave the lowest coefficients of variation in the reproducibility study both in the bone and the cadaveric specimens. This region is hence the most suitable site on the calcaneus for measuring absolute values of and changes in BMD. The surface position of region 1 was found to be consistently & * along the line at 45m to the vertical, from the lateral malleolus to the heel. The identification of the surface location of region 1 relative to anatomical landmarks of the foot has enabled the same anatomical site to be measured in all subjects. This allows meaningful intersubject comparisons to be made. Preliminary data suggest that precision errors using ultrasound are also reduced when measurements are taken at this region of the calcaneus. The reduction in the precision error of ultrasound assessment of skeletal status may provide a cheap and safe way to identify individuals at risk from osteoporotic fracture.
Dorsal Morphology of the Calcaneus—An Osteological Study
Annals of African Surgery
Background: The calcaneus exhibits variations in articular facets and calcaneal sulcus width. These variations influence occurrence of osteoarthritic conditions, whose prevalence is significant in our setting, and are essential during surgeries involving the foot. Despite this, local data on calcaneal facets remain scarce. Methods: Sixty calcanei were obtained from the National Museum of Kenya. The number, type and shapes of their facets were documented and calcaneal sulcus width measured. Images were taken and collected data were represented in tables and figures. Results: The calcanei had 1–3 articular facets. The common calcanei type noted was type 1B on the right calcaneus and 1B on the left. The least was type 4 on the right and 2C on the left. In terms of shape, types 1 and 4 calcanei had non-rounded facets while type 2 had rounded facets. The width of the sulcus calcanei was narrowest among type 1 calcanei in the right foot at 0.53 cm. On the left foot, type 2 calcanei had na...