A review on extraction and phytochemical screening methods (original) (raw)
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Phytochemical screening and Extraction: A Review
Plants are a source of large amount of drugs comprising to different groups such as antispasmodics, emetics, anti-cancer, antimicrobials etc. A large number of the plants are claimed to possess the antibiotic properties in the traditional system and are also used extensively by the tribal people worldwide. It is now believed that nature has given the cure of every disease in one way or another. Plants have been known to relieve various diseases in Ayurveda. Therefore, the researchers today are emphasizing on evaluation and characterization of various plants and plant constituents against a number of diseases based on their traditional claims of the plants given in Ayurveda. Extraction of the bioactive plant
EXTRACTION, ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS FROM PLANTS' EXTRACTS
Natural products from medicinal plants, either as pure compounds or as standardized extracts, provide unlimited opportunities for new drug leads because of the unmatched availability of chemical diversity. Due to an increasing demand for chemical diversity in screening programs, seeking therapeutic drugs from natural products, interest particularly in edible plants has grown throughout the world. Botanicals and herbal preparations for medicinal usage contain various types of bioactive compounds. The focus of this paper is on the analytical methodologies, which include the extraction, isolation and characterization of active ingredients in botanicals and herbal preparations. The common problems and key challenges in the extraction, isolation and characterization of active ingredients in botanicals and herbal preparations are discussed. As extraction is the most important step in the analysis of constituents present in botanicals and herbal preparations, the strengths and weaknesses of different extraction techniques are discussed. The analysis of bioactive compounds present in the plant extracts involving the applications of common phytochemical screening assays, chromatographic techniques such as HPLC and, TLC as well as non-chromatographic techniques such as immunoassay and Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) are discussed.
Concept of standardization, extraction and pre phytochemical screening strategies for herbal drug
Standardization of drugs means confirmation of its identity and determination of its quality and purity. At present due to advancement in the chemical knowledge of crude drugs various methods like botanical, chemical, spectroscopic and biological methods are used for estimating active constituents present in the crude drugs in addition to its physical constants. Plants have been known to relieve various diseases in Ayurveda. Therefore, the researchers today are emphasizing on evaluation and characterization of various plants and plant constituents against a number of diseases based on their traditional claims of the plants given in Ayurveda. Extraction of the bioactive plant constituents has always been a challenging task for the researchers. In this present review, an attempt has been made to give an overview of certain extractants and extraction processes with their advantages and disadvantages.
Abstract Plants are recognized in the pharmaceutical industry due to their broad spectrum of structural diversity and their wide range of pharmacological activities. The biological active compounds that are present in plants referred as phytochemicals. These phytochemicals derived from different parts of plants such as leaves, barks, seed, seed coat, flowers, roots and pulps and thereby used as sources of direct medicinal agents. Phytochemistry describes the large number of secondary metabolic compounds present in the plants. The plants are the reservoirs of naturally occurring chemical compounds and of structurally diverse bioactive molecules. The extraction of bioactive compounds from the plants and their quantitative and qualitative estimation is important for exploration of new biomolecules to be used by pharmaceutical and agrochemical industry directly or can be used as a lead molecule to synthesize more potent molecules. This review mostly highlighted on the analytical methodologies, which includes the extraction methods and the analysis of bioactive compounds present in the plant extracts through the various techniques involving the applications of chromatographic techniques such as HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography), TLC (Thin Layer Chromatography), HPTLC (High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography), OPLC (Optimum Performance Laminar Chromatography), GC (Gas Chromatography), PC (Paper Chromatography), CC (Column Chromatography) and it’s detection through Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy (FTIR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), and Mass Spectrometry (MS)
Phytochemical Screening for Medicinal Plants: Guide for Extraction Methods
Asian Plant Research Journal, 2023
Sri Lankans have relied on traditional medicine to meet their primary health needs since the beginning of time. This island is blessed with an enormous number of medicinal plants, which play a very important role in traditional medicine. However, the lengthy documented history of traditional medicine is still composed of medicinal plants, which are not scientifically proven to have the mentioned abilities or activities. To obtain scientifically sound information from this documented history of traditional medicine, extraction of the biologically active compounds from these medicinal plants is very important. Also, to maintain the accuracy of results obtained from in vitro and in vivo assays, it is important to consider the pre-extraction procedures as well as the evaporation and storage conditions of the extract. There are several extraction methods accessible in Sri Lanka. This research aims to review the pre-extraction preparation, extraction methods, evaporation techniques, and storage conditions of the plant extract. This review highlights that the reliability of phytochemical screening results is affected by the identification and authentication of the plant, pre-extraction procedures, menstruum utilized, method of extraction, and storage conditions.
2020
Herbal plants are very important in traditional community use and enrich our plant biodiversity and conservation. Natural products are vital substances of traditional knowledge systems in complementary and alternative medicine, nutraceutical, food supplements, and pharmaceutical bioactive metabolites of new chemical entities. Bioactive secondary metabolites from herbal plants of different forms are main sources and provide major opportunities for drug active pharmaceuticals due to the diverse flora and fauna biodiversity that produces the necessary available chemical diversity. There has been an increasing popularity in phytochemical research within the high through put (HTS) screening programs in search of lead. Phytochemicals of herbal extracts for traditional uses contain various types of bioactive metabolites of pharmaceutical and pharmacotherapeutic nature, and many phytomedicines for different therapeutic areas have been derived from herbal products. This paper is aimed at giving an insight into the extraction, isolation, and characterization of the rich medicinal plant biodiversity of potential pharmaceutical importance and the major drawbacks and challenges in the extraction, isolation, and characterization of phytochemicals in plant extracts. Phytochemicals in medicinal plants have been studied with more emphasis on the extraction process which is a vital stage in the analysis of bioactive compounds in medicinal plant research. The advantages and disadvantages of the different extraction methods is important to discuss following the regulatory guidelines and different pharmacopoeia. The analysis of bioactive molecules in herbal products involves the applications of various phytochemical screening methods, and the use of chromatographic techniques such as TLC and HPLC, including in some cases the non-chromatographic methods like Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR), immunoassay. This paper has been motivated by the challenges faced by most pharmacy students in data mining of information on phytochemical screening and testing of biological activities in projects related to herbal plants research. This write up is also geared towards providing students with information on the preclinical drug discovery process towards the formulation of an improved traditional medicine/ phytomedicine.
Plants are the source of different drugs belonging to various therapeutic cateogries like antidiabetics, antispasmodics, antihypertensives, anticancers, antidepressants, antimicrobials, etc. Plants are used to treat various ailments and these plants have been used by different individuals and tribals worldwide. Use of plants to treat various ailments have also been mentioned in Ayurveda. Along these lines, various researchers are involved in isolating and assessing different bioactive molecules, to be isolated from various plant sources. Isolation of bioactive molecules is not a easy task for researchers.This review gives a focus on extraction and phytochemical screening methodsalongwith their merits and demerits.
Phytochemicals for Healthy Living: Extraction and Usage
International Journal of Technical Research & Science
Plants are the chief source of active ingredients or chemicals which are used in pharmaceutical industry. Pharmacological activity of plants makes them useful for curing bacterial, fungal contagions and also chronic-progressive diseases like diabetes and cancer etc. The synthetic molecules prepared in the laboratories, when used as medicine for treating for different diseases produce several side effects and continuous usage of those medicines is not recommended. The search for new plant based molecules for the pharmaceutical and agrochemical manufacturing companies are continuous process that necessitates continual optimization. In this article, we present the process of extraction of phytochemicals, isolation and identification of organic compounds. Antioxidant and anticancer properties of some of the plants are also discussed.
Latin American and Caribbean Bulletin of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 2021
In this present study, we investigated the influence of various extraction methods including maceration, sonication, infusion, decoction, and microwave extraction, on the chemical and biological potential of phytochemicals extracted from three medicinal plants (Ageratum conyzoides, Plantago major and Arctium lappa L). The results were subsequently analyzed by variance analysis. Our results suggested that sonication is the most effective extraction method among the five methods tested herein, for the extraction of phytochemicals that have a high antioxidant potential and high phenolic content. The three plants employed for this study had a high concentration of flavonoids and phenolics which was compatible with the chemosystematics of the species. All the samples possessed a Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of less than 6. Interestingly, a maximum reaction time of approximately 20 min was noted for the complexation of AlCl3with the flavonoids present in the phytochemical extract during an...
ffect of Extraction Methods on Bioactive Compounds of Plant Origin
Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology
The use of bioactive compounds has been maintaining its significance from nutritional aspects. Due to the increasing demand for them in potential markets, researchers struggle to create new sources and improve their methods. Plant materials possess plenty and a diverse range of these compounds. However, their availability strongly depends on the extraction techniques in addition to the sampling methods and the applicability of the method to the specific parts of the plant. Thus, it is crucial to develop a common, precise way which will enable to extract all the active components regardless of their origin and their location in the plant material. Besides, the new method ought to have the highest economic value in comparison to the present applications which means that the efficiency of the extraction should be acceptable on industrial scale as well. Even though numerous methods have been improved so far, it seems to be unlikely to achieve a standardized solution with high valorizati...