ASSESSMENT ON THE INVOLVEMENT OF UNACCOMPANIED MINORS IN IRREGULAR MIGRATION IN EASTERN ZONE OF TIGRAY NATIONAL REGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA (original) (raw)

Predictors of Irregular International Migration among Youth in Jimma Zone, South West Ethiopia

Ethiopian Journal of the Social Sciences and Humanities, 2020

This article deals with irregular international migration among the youth in south-west Ethiopia, which is one of the major issues that grabbed the attention of the international community in recent years. The article draws on a study which aimed at determining major predictors of irregular migration intention among youth in Jimma Zone, Southwest Ethiopia. Irregular migration and human trafficking are serious challenges that people face in Ethiopia in general and in Jimma Zone in particular. Concurrent cross-sectional mixed method study design was deployed, and a total of 347 respondents participated in a quantitative survey and 33 and 6 took part in five Focus Group Discussions and in-depth interviews respectively. The study was conducted in three selected woredas/districts of Jimma Zone between March and April 2018. Variables such as age, political unrest, unreliable information from social media, social networks, the desire for life enhancement, and readiness for taking risk are ...

Migration of Ethiopian youth to the Middle East and its impacts on the migrants’ sending community : Raya- Mehoni Town

2016

In this contemporary era of globalization, though political barriers still matter, there is an increasing movement of people crossing borders of nation states. Even though migration studies in Ethiopia remain focused on internal dimensions, migration to the Middle East is a burning issue among government officials and local communities with surmounted impacts on the migrants' sending community. This study aims at examining the Ethiopian youth migration to the Middle East and its impacts on migrants' sending community of Raya-Mehoni town. In this study the micro individual approach, migration network theory and gender approach are employed to examine the causes of Ethiopian youth migration to the Middle East and the impacts posed on migrants' sending community. The study employed qualitative research approach. Twelve focus group participants, eight potential migrants and four key informants from the local authority were selected using purposive and snowball sampling methods of research. It is also supported by secondary source of data. These methods and research approaches are formulated to answer the following research questions: (1) Which are the key drivers of the youth migration to the Middle East from Raya Mehoni town? (2) What challenges are the migrants' sending community facing when the youths migrate? (3) Can the migrants' sending community be benefited from the young people's migration to the Middle East? The findings reveal that the youths migrate to the Middle East to improve their living standard and to support their family back at home. Unemployment, poverty and recurrent drought, and absence of interest free loans are the key driving forces for youth migration to the Middle East. This has a significant socio-cultural and politico-economic impact on migrants' sending community of Raya-Mehoni town. Among other things, the youth migration to the Middle East poses pressure over family, psychological disturbance, exclusion, deep stress to pay debt, dependency and high consumption, increasing crime and contradiction with the culture of migrants' sending community. Contrary to this, migration brings remittances, support for family and new insights for new projects in Raya-Mehoni town. Though there is a lack of prior research, this study may be used as a foundation for further research on international migration in Ethiopia.

The Role of Local Communities of Southern Ethiopia in Curbing Irregular Migration

Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology, 2020

Ethiopia has been an origin, destination and transit country numerous types of migration particularly for irregular migration. This study mainly aimed to assess the impact of integrated regional efforts to deter irregular migration in the selected zones of South Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region, Ethiopia. These zones include Wolaita, Hadiya, Kambata-Tambaro, Gurage and Siltie. The study employed purely qualitative approach through the course of stages of the evaluation process raging from data collection, analysis, discussion and interpretations. The tools used for collecting data were focus group discussions, key informant interviews and life history narratives. Secondary data were obtained through review of institutional documents and facts and figures. Findings of the study showed that different stakeholders are working with regional Labour and Social Affairs Agency to deter irregular migration. The key stakeholders were local community, educational institutions, Bureau of women and children affairs, media and religious organizations. Labour and Social Affairs Agency adopted three measures to control irregular migration: prevention, protection and prosecution. Therefore, attitudes of the community as well as leaders of religious organizations have to be reshaped by continuous public discussion and awareness creation programs.

Irregular Migration from Ethiopia to the Gulf States

Migrants from Ethiopia to the Gulf States become irregular in five ways: entry through unauthorised border crossings,“overstayers”on temporary or tourist visas, entry through “free visas,” through irregular employment, and at birth, when children are born to irregular migrants. This chapter seeks to critically examine recent policy developments that have impacted irregular migration from Ethiopia to the Gulf States, particularly Saudi Arabia. In October 2013, the Ethiopian government instituted a “temporary” ban on all migration to the Middle East, a ban that continues to date. This was widely considered a pre-emptive response to the imminent expulsion of over 163,000 undocumented Ethiopian migrants from Saudi Arabia in November 2013, after the expiry of an amnesty for undocumented labour migrants to correct their status. While the Ethiopian government ban and the Saudi crackdown had the effect of temporarily stemming the flow of irregular migrants across the Horn of African to Yemen during the early months of 2014, by the end of the year, there was a 40% increase in the number of irregular migrants reaching Yemen by boat, with the probable intention of moving on to Saudi Arabia to seek work. Around 80% (72,000) of these migrants are Ethiopian, and a significant number of them are circular migrants, including those who are returning after being deported. This chapter argues that the trends observed here are similar to patterns observed in other parts of the world; Ethiopian and Saudi Arabian policies intended to curb irregular migration have clearly had converse effects, and this is at the cost of migrants’ journeys becoming more dangerous and expensive. The chapter calls for a new politics of migration that protects rather than illegalises and endangers the lives of migrants.

The Socio-cultural and Economic Conditions Contributed to Illegal Migration in Omo Nada District, Jimma Zone, Oromia National Regional State, South West Ethiopia

Research, Society and Development, 2019

Despite the fact that factors contributed to illegal migration (migrant smuggling and human trafficking) vary from context to context, there is scant of information for Omo Nada district, Jimma zone, Oromia National Regional State, South West Ethiopia. Thus, this study tried to explore the socio-cultural and economic factors that contributed to illegal migration of returnees to Omo Nada district. To this end, in-depth interviews, key informant interviews and focus group discussions were undertaken to collect qualitative data required for the study. The data was transcribed and analyzed thematically. Accordingly, the results of the findings showed that poverty, unemployment, lack of skills, influence of brokers/smugglers/traffickers, family pressure, religious and absence of legal means particularly for males are the major complex and reinforcing factors that gave rise to the illegal migration of the study participants. The returnees’ subjective experiences of these factors and the ...

Exploring potential intervention strategies to reduce unsafe youth migration in Ethiopia: A mixed methods study

Background Several studies investigated risk and protective factors for unsafe youth migration. However, evidence on what interventions help to reduce unsafe youth migration is lacking. This study aimed primarily to identify interventions that may help to reduce unsafe youth migration from the perspectives of key stakeholders. Methods A mixed methods study was conducted in eight migration hotspot areas in Ethiopia. For the qualitative study, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions (FGD) were used to collect data. FGDs were conducted with students, teachers and parents separately. A school principal, heads of relevant offices of the local government, a community representative and a religious leader were interviewed. Thematic analysis was used to identify the prominent issues. Quantitative data were collected from students (n=800), teachers (n= 240) and parents (n=160) who were selected using multistage sampling. We developed a structured questionnaire to collect data. Descriptive statistics, t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to analyze the data. Results We identified potential interventions to reduce unsafe youth migration and grouped them into five domains: awareness and attitudinal/behavioral changes, job opportunities and training, governmental and parental roles, improving the education system, and law enforcement and migration management. The need for cooperation among stakeholders was cross-cutting. More than 80% of the survey respondents agreed or strongly agreed in that the interventions would potentially be relevant and effective. We found significant mean difference in the degree of endorsement due to age and level of education in two of the domains of interventions (i.e. enhancing access to resources and jobs and law enforcement and managing migration). Older and more educated respondents were highly likely to endorse intervention strategies more than younger and less educated respondents. Significant mean difference was observed in one of the domains (i.e. law enforcement and managing migration) due to respondent type. Teachers and parents were more likely than students to endorse the intervention. Conclusion We identified contextually relevant intervention strategies that would potentially be effective to reduce unsafe youth migration in Ethiopia. We suggest that there is to prioritize and

Socio-economic Factors Influencing Migration: the Case of Eastern Zone Tigrai Regional State, Ethiopia

Applied Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2021

Migration is the movement of people from one place to another place. This type of movement can be permanent, temporary, volunteer or forced. People can move from one place to another place outside its country, like moving from Asia to Europe, like moving from Ethiopia to America and inside its country, like adigrat to Addis Ababa and from Gondar to Humera immigration. People migrate from place to place due to different reason among these economic, social, political and environmental reason are take a lion share. Materials and Methods: The main goal of this study was to investigate the causes migration from eastern zone of Tigrai. The study focuses on to identify the socio economic and demographic factors of migrant to leave their place of origin in the study area. To achieve this objective, both quantitative and qualitative methods were employed. The Primary data was collected mainly from the returnee migrants, zone Labor and Social affairs office and from any sample of the study area economically active adult populations (15-49). The data gathered from four purposefully selected (discrete) in eastern zone. The tools used to gather the primary data were questionnaires. A total 180 respondents were selected for survey questionnaire by using simple random sampling technique from purposefully selected discrete. Descriptive statistical method was employed to analyze these quantitative data by using stata software and also Binary Logistic regression was also applied to analyze the determinant factors of migration by using stata software. Results: The result of the study indicated that migration is dominated by young aged (15-25), single male or female, their education level are primary education, their job unpaid family worker and those their family size are large. unemployment, poverty, agricultural land scarcity, individual wants to open up personal business, natural disaster like famine drought, low access to credit and experience of crop failure are the key push factors of migration. On the other hand, employment opportunities, better income from abroad and smugglers at destination country are identified as pull factors of migration. The main determinant forces or variables significantly affect migration decision in econometric analysis were age, family size, family shocks, family or individual respondent land size and high income at destination. Regarding the way of migration most of migrants were out illegal way about 75% Based on these findings.

Factors Contributing to Irregular Migration

Lumen Veritatis: Jurnal Filsafat dan Teologi

This paper discusses the main factors that encourage Migrant Workers from East Nusa Tenggara Province, especially those from South Central of Timor District to migrate irregularly. We conducted this study in 6 migrant workers' villages in TTS in May 2018. It applied mixed-methods, qualitative and quantitative approaches. The study involved about 360 respondents who are retired migrant workers or the families of migrant workers. The study found that approximately 42% of the 360 ​​respondents answered that the migrant workers from the six villages did not have a birth certificate. About 67% of the migrant workers had an ID card from their area of ​​origin. Surprisingly, approximately 33% of migrant workers from those six villages get their identity cards and migration documents from other provinces in Indonesia. Generally, most of the migrant workers from those villages have low levels of education and skills. As many as 28.3% of respondents answered that their household only hold...

REVIEWING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MIGRATION GOVERNANCE TOOLS AND INSTITUTIONS IN CONTROLLING IRREGULAR MIGRATION IN ETHIOPIA: A RAPID REVIEW

Basha Bekele, 2022

Human migration is an age-old activity touching almost every society around the world. Particularly, in this age of intensified globalization the pace and the rate of migration have been alarmingly increased than any than ever before. In face of this, it needs the cautious response of the countries to widen the legal possibilities of migration and to take the potential benefits of the process. In this regard, Ethiopia has been making its attempt to adopt various international agreements on minimizing the illegal migration, formulated proclamations and set up several institutional frameworks too. Unlikely it was found that the rate of informal outflow of its citizens left strangely huge. Thus, this paper attempts to appraise the effectiveness of the migration governance of Ethiopia with particular focus to irregular migration. The data in the paper were collected from the secondary sources through the online means and the rapid review was made using a document analysis method. Finally, it was found that the irregular migrations haven't shown a significant decrease despite the legal responses. The problem has been yet worsened due to lack of national migration policy which in turn resulted in lack of accountability.