Introductionto Nanomaterials (original) (raw)

Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology

Nanoscience primarily deals with synthesis, characterization, exploration, and exploitation of nanostructured materials. These materials are characterized by at least one dimension in the nanometer range. A nanometer (nm) is one billionth of a meter, or 10-9 m. One nanometer is approximately the length equivalent to 10 hydrogen or 5 silicon atoms aligned in a line. The processing, structure and properties of materials with grain size in the tens to several hundreds of nanometer range are research areas of considerable interest over the past years. A revolution in materials science and engineering is taking place as researchers find ways to pattern and characterize materials at the nanometer length scale. New materials with outstanding electrical, optical, magnetic and mechanical properties are rapidly being developed for use in information technology, bioengineering, and energy and environmental applications. On nanoscale, some physical and chemical material properties can differ significantly from those of the bulk structured materials of the same composition; for example, the theoretical strength of nanomaterials can be reached or quantum effects may appear; crystals in the nanometer scale have a low melting point (the difference can be as large as 1000°C) and reduced lattice constants, since the number of surface atoms or ions becomes a significant fraction of the total number of atoms or ions and the surface energy plays a significant role in the thermal stability. Therefore, many material properties must now be revisited in light of the fact that a considerable increase in surface-to-volume ratio is associated with the reduction in material size to the nanoscale, often having a prominent effect on material performance. Historically, fundamental material properties such as elastic modulus have been characterized in bulk specimens using macroscopic, and more recently microscopic, techniques. However, as nanofabrication advances continue, these bulk properties are no longer sufficient to predict performance when devices are fabricated with small critical dimensions.

Chapter - INTRODUCTION TO NANOMATERIALS

Introduction to Nanomaterials 1.2 are of interest because at this scale unique optical, magnetic, electrical, and other properties emerge. These emergent properties have the potential for great impacts in electronics, medicine, and other fields. Fig. 2. Nanomaterial (For example: Carbon nanotube)

Nano materials and their Applications Seminar20200419 55547 q9r6wd

Nanomaterials has become one of the most prominent subjects in diverse fields of applications. Nanomaterials have emerged as one of the most promising things in different fields ranging from biomedical to pharmaceutical. The word nanomaterial originated from the Latin word 'Nanos' which means very small. Hence nanomaterials are particles of extremely small dimensions in the range of nanoscale. Nanotechnology has just added to the number of creative items in different building disciplines due to their remarkable and compensating substance, physical, and mechanical properties. One famous utilization of nanomaterials is nanotubes. Carbon nanotubes (CNT) are one of an illuminative model for the capability of nanotechnology. The elasticity of high carbon steel is around 1.2 GPa however the rigidity of carbon nanotubes (CNT) is 63 GPa. Likewise they are known to be perhaps the most grounded material having been created by nanotechnology up until this point. 1.1) WHAT ARE NANOMATERIALS? Nanomaterials can be seen as the building blocks or cornerstones of nanotechnology. Nanomaterials are defined as substances having at least one dimension in nanoscale i.e. less than approximately 100 nanometers. These materials play an important role because of the presence of unique magnetic, electrical ,optical and many other such properties at such a small scale. Many properties are seen to emerge at nanoscale range. Hence , Nanomaterials deal with substances in the range of 1-100 nm. 1.2) HISTORY The history of Nanomaterials started all after the big bang when formation of nanostructures occurred in the early meteorites. Many different nanostructures were identified after that such as sea shells. The Scientific approach of nanomaterials started however was developed much later. Michael Faraday's study on colloidal gold particles is one of such scientific reports known. Besides this , It has been more than 70 years of investigation on nanostructured catalysts. Today nanophase building extends in a quickly developing number of basic and practical materials, both inorganic and natural, permitting control of mechanical, reactant, electric, attractive, optical and electronic capacities. The creation of nanophase or group amassed materials is generally founded on the formation of isolated little bunches which at that point are melded into a mass like material or on their installation into minimized fluid or strong network materials.

Nanotechnology in Materials and Medical Sciences

International Journal of Advanced Science and Engineering, 2019

Nanotechnology is nothing but a branch of technology smaller in size, lighter in weight, stronger in strength due to its large surface area to volume ratio. The applications of nanotechnology have been widely used by several industries globally, especially in the development of innovative products using novel materials in cosmetics, paints, ceramic, textile coatings and pharmaceuticals. Nanoparticles have been designed in different morphological structures at the microscopic level such as nanospheres, nanotubes, nanorods, nanowires, nanoplatelets, nanoflower, nanoparticles and nanoneedle. By bearing in mind the importance of Nano dimensional material, the present review article, therefore, focuses on the reviews of the advances and development of nanotechnology applications to cosmetics, paints, textile and medical research.

Nanomaterials and their applications

Periodicals of Engineering and Natural Sciences (PEN), 2021

The word nano takes its meaning from the Greek word "nanos" which means dwarf. Nanoparticles are materials ranging in size between 1 and 100 nanometers. A nanometer is one billionth of a meter. Nanotechnology is an interdisciplinary field that researches the physical, chemical and biological structures of materials with dimensions of one billionth and deals with their usage areas. Nanomaterials are the cornerstones of nanotechnology and they possess unique optical, magnetic and electrical properties in this dimension. What makes nanotechnology so interesting is that materials behave differently from the macro world in this dimension. Power / weight ratio, conductivity, optical and magnetic properties change significantly as we move from macro dimension to nanosize. In this study, after giving general information about nanomaterials, nanotechnology processes, imaging techniques of nanomaterials, carbon nanotubes, nanocomposites, nanotechnology in nature and various nanotechnology applications have been investigated.

Nanoscale materials for engineering and medicine

2008

Materials with nanoscale features have new or improved properties compared to bulk materials. These properties depend on the composition, size, and shape of the material, and include high specific strength and modulus, low melting point, high electrical and thermal conductivity, a large surface area to volume ratio, nearly defect-free structure, magnetic and optical properties, and sensing and actuation properties. This talk will discuss synthesis, processing, and application of nanoscale materials for engineering and medicine. Recent advances in nanoparticle synthesis include development of "Black Cotton" which is centimeter long carbon nanotubes grown in arrays, improved carbon nanofiber material, and development of carbon nanosphere chain material which has the morphology of carbon onions chained together. Applications of these materials under development include spinning Black Cotton into thread to produce a new smart material with reinforcement, sensing, and actuation properties, use of nanotube arrays for electrodes and biosensors, catalyst loaded nanotubes for medical contrast agents, and nanosphere chains for manufacturing composite materials. Overall, this paper shows that "Nanoizing" materials and structures is a hot new technological science that is going to improve many aspects of our lives. These new materials are also generating intellectual property and new opportunities for small companies and universities.

Nanoscale materials for engineering and medicine

Nanosensors and Microsensors for Bio-Systems 2008, 2008

Materials with nanoscale features have new or improved properties compared to bulk materials. These properties depend on the composition, size, and shape of the material, and include high specific strength and modulus, low melting point, high electrical and thermal conductivity, a large surface area to volume ratio, nearly defect-free structure, magnetic and optical properties, and sensing and actuation properties. This talk will discuss synthesis, processing, and application of nanoscale materials for engineering and medicine. Recent advances in nanoparticle synthesis include development of "Black Cotton TM " which is centimeter long carbon nanotubes grown in arrays, improved carbon nanofiber material, and development of carbon nanosphere chain material which has the morphology of carbon onions chained together. Applications of these materials under development include spinning Black Cotton into thread to produce a new smart material with reinforcement, sensing, and actuation properties, use of nanotube arrays for electrodes and biosensors, catalyst loaded nanotubes for medical contrast agents, and nanosphere chains for manufacturing composite materials. Overall, this paper shows that "Nanoizing" materials and structures is a hot new technological science that is going to improve many aspects of our lives. These new materials are also generating intellectual property and new opportunities for small companies and universities.