Oil spill simulation and validation in the Arabian (Persian) Gulf with special reference to the UAE coast (original) (raw)
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This paper presents the results of oil spill simulation in the northwest of the Persian Gulf, next to Al-Ahmadi oil wells. A two-dimensional depth averaged flow and oil pollution model is developed for coastal water simulation. To increase accuracy advective terms in transport equation were discretized by applying third-order upwind scheme and modified by using GH limiter. The oil spill is considered in two different layers: surface smudge layer and depth emulsion part. The model takes into account the major physiochemical phenomena of oil spill including wind and current speed, oil evaporation, dissolution and coastline deposition. Average monthly wind speed has been used for long-term prediction in the Persian Gulf. Comparing the model result with the actual measured data in the incident sight revealed good agreement for predicting oil spill behavior and model accuracy.
The present work used a simulation model to track the movement and fate of oil pollutants, which takes into consideration all the factors of hydrographic and hydrological conditions. The experimental part includes; collect in the bathymetric and topographic data for the study area, measurements of the tides, climate variables, measurements of water velocities, field testing process for a synthetic oil spill and following-up the presence of slicks. The theoretical part simulated the experimental data using MIKE12 HD package for 26 days with the division of semi-dimensions ∆x=200m and ∆y=200m with time step ∆t=80s. This yields to have a number of network j=322 and k=105 equivalent to (6762 km 2). The matching between the field data and the calculated results was up to 90% approximately. The tidal ranges were 4.5m and 4m in Umm Qasr and Khor Al-Zubair, respectively. The speed of the currents during the ebb phase is greater than the speed of the flood in Umm Qasr and Khor Al-Zubair, rea...
Numerical Modeling of Oil Slick Spread in the Persian Gulf
2013
An oil spill model coupled with a hydrodynamic model was developed to simulate the spread of oil slick in real marine conditions considering the effects of tidal currents, wind and wave. The hydrodynamic model is verified using the measurements of tidal elevations and current speeds at the Persian Gulf. Effect of various governing factors on oil slick movement, tidal currents, wind and wave, are examined. It is concluded that the wind action is the predominant factor for the spreading of oil while the overlaying waves are the second important driving force. Although the tidal currents spread the oil slick on a wider area, they have limited influences on the net transformation of slick. The performance of the model on a field data in the Persian Gulf shows that the present model is capable to predict the spread of oil in early days of the oil spill.
Development and Application of Accurate Oil Spill Model for the Persian Gulf
2012
This paper presents the results of simulating oil spillage trajectory in the Persian Gulf by using the GH limiter. The GH limiter has been used for the first time with unique formulation. All the numerical solution dispersion errors (typical of second-order methods and above) can be diminished by limiters. GH limiter minimizes all the dispersion errors, even the under-shoots. A distinguished difference of this new limiter with other limiters is diminishing the errors without altering or reducing the maximum value of pollution. It is tested against other limiters to show the high precision of GH. The model has been applied to simulate the oil spill accident in the Al-Ahmadi located south of Kuwait in Persian Gulf and its performance were further validated against documented events of Al-Ahmadi historical oil spill crisis in the Gulf. A comparison of numerical results with the observed data shows good conformity.
Modeling the Fate and Transport of Al-Ahmadi Oil Spill
Over the period January-May l99l Iraqi forces, occupying the state oI Kuwait, caused a massive amount of oil to be released in the waters of the Arabian Gulf. The volume o[ oil released may have been as large as 6 x 106 bbls. Most of the oil was released at or near Mina Al-Ahmadi in southern Kuwait. Two mathematical models, GULFSLIK II and OILPOL, were used to simulate the fate and transport of oil spilled at Al-Ahmadi. The oil spill trajectory model GULFSLIK II was used in an operational real time mode to predict the surface trajectory of oil spills at various locations. The real time trajectory analysis was used to support tactical spill response. Short term precictions were made using 7-d wind forecasts. Long term predictions were made using monthly wind averages. Comparisons between predicted trajectories and actual sightings show that GULFSLIK II is reasonably accurate. The oil spill fate and transport model, OILPOL, was applied to compute surface and subsurface distribution of oil, and analyz-e the fate ol the spilled oil. An oil spill size of 4 x 106 bbls was assumed. OILPOLL results were used to support damage assessment studies and environmental impact statcments. The distribution of oil on the surface and subsurface layers were obtained daily for a period of 80 d. Oil concentration at strategic locations in the Gulf werc also computed. Surface oil distribution as predicted by OILPOL was compared with sighting data. The results show excellent agreement.
Simulation of impact of oil spill in the ocean – a case study of Arabian Gulf
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2008
To meet the growing energy demand worldwide, oil and gas exploration and production activities have increased rapidly both in onshore and offshore areas. The produced oil from the ocean bed is transported onshore either by ship or pipeline. This has increased the risk of oil spill in the coastal area. In order to prepare an emergency preparedness plan and to assess the magnitude of risk involved in transporting and offloading oil, oil spill simulation studies play an important role. This paper describes a simulation of oil spill in coastal bay of Arabian Gulf where new developments are taking place using MIKE 21 model. The developments include a diesel based thermal power plant near Sir Baniyas Island, which is an ecological fragile area. Based on the project activity, two probable scenarios, one for diesel leak (250 m 3 /h) for 1 h and the other for instantaneous spill (500 m 3) are considered. The MIKE 21 model was calibrated for hydrodynamics using measured field data followed by diesel-spill simulation to track its movement in the Arabian Gulf. The results for both leak and instantaneous spill indicate that spilled diesel will not move towards the Sir Banyas Island and more than 45% of the diesel will be evaporated within 48 h of oil spill. Based on the results, a clean up and contingency plan is proposed to mitigate the adverse impacts arising due to diesel spill in the study area.
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Oil Spill Trajectory: A Comparison Between 2D and 3D Models
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Oil spills in the marine environment are a harmful threat to the environment, the population, and the economy. For this reason, it is important to know the trajectory of oil slicks in case of a spill in order to prioritize actions for oil recovery and thus to better protect areas exposed to pollution risk. For this purpose, several oil slick drift models are developed to study the impact of various possible scenarios and to estimate the environmental sensitivity of a maritime and coastal area even before this type of accident occurs. In this context, this paper presents the applications of a two (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) oil spill models, suggested to define the trajectory of the oil slick in a marine environment taking into account different meteorological parameters. The two models have been applied to simulate the oil spill propagation in the case of a collision accident that occurred off Saint-Tropez (France) on
The application of two dimensional model on oil spill movement in Khor ALZubair,
The present work used a simulation model to track the movement and fate of oil pollutants, which takes into consideration all the factors of hydrographic and hydrological conditions. The experimental part includes; collect in the bathymetric and topographic data for the study area, measurements of the tides, climate variables, measurements of water velocities, field testing process for a synthetic oil spill and following-up the presence of slicks. The theoretical part simulated the experimental data using MIKE12 HD package for 26 days with the division of semi-dimensions Δx=200m and Δy=200m with time step Δt=80s. This yields to have a number of network j=322 and k=105 equivalent to (6762 km2). The matching between the field data and the calculated results was up to 90% approximately. The tidal ranges were 4.5m and 4m in Umm Qasr and Khor Al-Zubair, respectively. The speed of the currents during the ebb phase is greater than the speed of the flood in Umm Qasr and Khor Al-Zubair, reaching its greatest value of 1.85m/s at Khor Al-Zubair. By using MIKE12 SA it is concluded that the oil spill of the Fuel type has a significant impact on the marine environment for spot thickness (>20mm) and the area of spread (28km2) and dwell time spot is farther from the simulations (>10days). The model used in this study was successful in the study of hydraulic properties as well as the transport and fate of oil spills and leaks.