H-Pastry: An Adaptive Multi-level Overlay Inter-Network (original) (raw)
Related papers
Routing performance of structured overlay in Distributed Hash Tables (DHT) for P2P
Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, 2019
This paper presents a routing performance analysis of structured P2P overlay network. Due to the rapid development and hectic life, sharing data wirelessly is essential. P2P allows participating peers move freely by joining and leaving the network at any convenience time. Therefore, it exists constraint when one measuring the network performance. Moreover, the design of structured overlay networks is fragmented and with various design. P2P networks need to have a reliable routing protocol. In order to analyse the routing performance, this work simulates three structured overlay protocols-Chord, Pastry and Kademlia using OMNeT++ with INET and OverSim module. The result shows that Pastry is the best among others with 100% routing efficiency. However, Kademlia leads with 12.76% and 18.78% better than Chord and Pastry in lookup hop count and lookup success latency respectively. Hence, Pastry and Kamelia architectures will have a better choice for implementing structured overlay P2P network.
HyPeer: Structured overlay with flexible-choice routing
Computer Networks, 2011
The various designs of peer-to-peer distributed hash tables (DHTs) differ mostly in their performance and the properties they provide. They usually rely on a single greedy routing strategy aiming at achieving short communication paths. In this paper, we propose a new peer-to-peer DHT overlay design, HYPEER, that uses the ''flexible-choice routing" principle to support multiple routing strategies, each driven by a different objective: fault tolerance, load balance, low latency. Our overlay is loosely based on a hypercube structure providing redundant paths that can be selectively followed at runtime according to the desired goal. HYPEER approximates a hypercube by extending a ring-based DHT overlay and controlling the placement of nodes when they join the network. Experimental evaluation confirms that HYPEER succeeds in improving the routing performance according to our three design objectives, while only slightly increasing the average path length.
Overlay networks are widely used for locating and disseminating information by means of custom routing and forwarding on top of an underlying network. Distributed Hash Table (DHT) based overlays in particular, provide good scalability and load balancing properties. However, these come at the cost of inefficient routing, caused by the lack of adaptation to the underlying network, as DHTs often overlook physical network proximity, administrative boundaries and/or inter-domain routing policies. In this paper we show how to construct a DHT-based overlay network that takes all these aspects into account, so as to ease the global deployment of Future Internet architectures which require large-scale name resolution, such as Information-Centric Networking (ICN) and the Internet of Things (IoT). Based on the Pastry distributed object location and routing substrate and the Canon paradigm for multi-level DHTs, we developed H-Pastry, an overlay DHT scheme that harvests the scalability and load balancing features of DHTs, while also adapting to the underlying network topology, administrative structure and routing policies. We evaluate the performance characteristics of the proposed scheme through an extensive set of detailed simulations over realistic inter-network topologies. Our results show that H-Pastry substantially improves routing by reducing both overlay path stretch (by up to 55%) and routing policy violations (by up to 70%), compared to the Canonical (multi-level) Chord DHT. In addition, the design of H-Pastry keeps traffic within administrative boundaries as far as possible, reducing interdomain hops by up to 27% compared to Pastry, while also creating excellent opportunities for the support of caching and multicast.
Parallelizing Peer-to-Peer Overlays with Multi-Destination Routing
2007
are the basic indexing mechanism for decentralized peer-to-peer systems. How to obtain best performance in a largescale wide area context for DHT operations is an important question. Here we introduce parallelization of overlay and DHT operations using native multidestination multicasting, resulting in significant message traffic reduction for both overlay maintenance and lookup operations. We show through simulation savings of up to 30% message reduction for the 1-hop EpiChord peer-to-peer overlay.
Virtual Direction Routing for overlay networks
2009 IEEE Ninth International Conference on Peer-to-Peer Computing, 2009
The enormous interest for peer-to-peer systems in recent years has prompted research into finding scalable and robust seeding and searching methods to support these overlay networks. Routing and search in these overlay networks have ranged from flooding-based unstructured techniques to structured ones mainly for popular and rate items respectively. In this paper, we propose a new method of establishing a virtual structure and introduce a technique to scalably route packets through an unstructured overlay network. We introduce Virtual Direction Routing (VDR). VDR is a lightweight and scalable overlay network routing protocol that uses the concept of virtual directions to efficiently perform node information seeding and lookup. State information is replicated at nodes along virtual orthogonal lines originating from each node and periodically updated. When a path lookup is initiated, instead of flooding the network, query packets are also forwarded along virtual orthogonal lines until an intersection with the seeded state occurs. We show that VDR achieves high reachability with relatively low seed and search packet TTL even under high network churn. We also show that VDR scales well without imposing DHT-like graph structures (e.g., trees, rings, torus, coordinate-space) and the path stretch compared to random-walk protocols is very good. The tradeoff is added latency by choosing suboptimal paths.
Routing Performance in a Hierarchical DHT-based Overlay Network
2008
The scalability properties of DHT based overlay networks is considered satisfactory. However, in large scale systems this might still cause a problem since they have a logarithmic complexity depending. Further, they only provide a one dimensional structure and do not make use on inherent clustering properties of some applications (e.g. P2PVoIP or locality aware overlays). Thus, structures based on a hierarchical approach can have performance as well as structural advantages. In this paper, a generic hierarchical architecture based on super-peers is presented where a peer ID is composed by a Prefix ID and a Suffix ID. Prefix ID is only routed at the super-peer level and the Suffix ID at the peer level. We specifically analyse the Routing Performance of this approach within the context of two specific overlays, viz. CAN and Kademlia.
Pagoda: a dynamic overlay network for routing, data management, and multicasting
2004
The tremendous growth of public interest in peer-to-peer systems in recent years has initiated a lot of research work on how to design efficient and robust overlay networks for these systems. While a large collection of scalable peer-to-peer overlay networks has been proposed in recent years, many fundamental questions have remained open. Some of these are:
Virtual ring routing: network routing inspired by DHTs
2006
This paper presents Virtual Ring Routing (VRR), a new network routing protocol that occupies a unique point in the design space. VRR is inspired by overlay routing algorithms in Distributed Hash Tables (DHTs) but it does not rely on an underlying network routing protocol. It is implemented directly on top of the link layer. VRR provides both traditional point-to-point network routing and DHT routing to the node responsible for a hash table key.
Jelly: a dynamic hierarchical P2P overlay network with load balance and locality
24th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops, 2004. Proceedings., 2004
P2P systems based on Distributed hash table (DHT) such as CAN, Chord, Pastry, and Tapestry, use uniform hash functions to ensure load balance in each participant nodes. But the evenly distributed behavior in the virtual space destroys the locality between participant nodes. The topology-based hierarchical overlay network like Grapes, exploits the physical distance information among the nodes to construct a two-layered hierarchy, highly improves the locality, but damages the load balance property in original DHTs. In this paper, we propose a dynamic P2P overlay infrastructure, called Jelly. It can achieve both the load balancing and locality properties. Its design is based on the hierarchical overlay and uses the DHT as its routing algorithm. Because the load balancing issue in a hierarchical overlay is originated from whether the virtual hierarchy is balanced or not, Jelly uses a node joining mechanism as a fine-tuning tool and a dynamic checking mechanism as a coarse-tuning tool to balance the hierarchy. We also find that the average routing hops is a practical metric to evaluate the network size, and it is useful for Jelly's dynamic mechanism.
Efficient Routing for Peer-to-Peer Overlays
2004
Most current peer-to-peer lookup schemes keep a small amount of routing state per node, typically logarithmic in the number of overlay nodes. This design assumes that routing information at each member node must be kept small, so that the bookkeeping required to respond to system membership changes is also small, given that aggressive membership dynamics are expected. As a consequence, lookups have high latency as each lookup requires contacting several nodes in sequence.