HUMAN MOVEMENT AnAlysis of previous perceptuAl And motor experience in breAststroke kick leArning (original) (raw)
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Analysis of previous perceptual and motor experience in breaststroke kick learning
Human Movement, 2015
One of the variables that influence motor learning is the learner’s previous experience, which may provide perceptual and motor elements to be transferred to a novel motor skill. For swimming skills, several motor experiences may prove effective. Purpose. The aim was to analyse the influence of previous experience in playing in water, swimming lessons, and music or dance lessons on learning the breaststroke kick. Methods. The study involved 39 Physical Education students possessing basic swimming skills, but not the breaststroke, who performed 400 acquisition trials followed by 50 retention and 50 transfer trials, during which stroke index as well as rhythmic and spatial configuration indices were mapped, and answered a yes/no questionnaire regarding previous experience. Data were analysed by ANOVA (p = 0.05) and the effect size (Cohen’s d ≥0.8 indicating large effect size). Results. The whole sample improved their stroke index and spatial configuration index, but not their rhythmic...
Instruction on rhythmic structure during learning enhances the breaststroke kick efficiency
Revista Brasileira de Educação Física e Esporte, 2018
Motor learning can be fostered by visual or auditory instruction conveying information on different features of the skill, like spatial and rhythmic characteristics. For swimming skills like the breaststroke kick, manuals predominantly emphasise spatial features, neglecting rhythmic aspects-even though motor learning considers movement rhythm crucial for distinguishing one skill from another. We aimed to analyse the impact of instruction containing or not the adequate rhythmic pattern information, conveyed by visual or auditory stimulus, on learning the breaststroke kick. Fifty university students, assigned to four experimental groups (auditory, visual, with and without rhythmic information), performed 400 acquisition plus 50 retention and 50 transfer trials during which stroke index, rhythmic and spatial pattern indices and instruction request frequency were mapped. Results showed a marginal difference (p= .075) between higher indices in the retention test of participants receiving information about adequate rhythm, as well as a strong correlation between stroke index and rhythm pattern index, but not with spatial pattern index. No difference between auditory and visual groups was found. This result supports earlier research on the impact of rhythmic information on the learning of complex motor skills, and emphasises the role rhythm plays in skill efficiency and consequently in motor learning.
The aim of the study was to identify the existence of positive relationships between certain psychomotor behaviors, which we consider specific to swimming, and learning the execution technique of some styles (front crawl and backstroke). The study was carried out during 10 months, including 76 children (40 boys and 36 girls) aged between 6-9 years who practice recreational swimming in a Romanian city. Several tests were used: Tapping test for manual dexterity and laterality, the Goudenough test for body schema, the Flamingo test for static balance, the horizontal buoyancy test for body balance on the water. Results indicated better ratings on all psychomotor behaviors analyzed by gender (in favor of girls compared to boys), except for laterality. The levels of all analyzed psychomotor behaviors are directly proportional to the age of the subjects. Also, moderate positive correlations of manual dexterity (rs = 0.63 in front crawl; rs = 0.57 in backstroke) and strong correlations were...
Influence of Basic-Motor Abilities on Efficiency of Realization of Specific Motor Tasks In Swimming
Спортске науке и здравље - АПЕИРОН, 2020
The research was conducted on a sample of 70 respondents-swimmers aged 13-15 years of swimming clubs from Sarajevo Canton/Federation of BiH, with the aim of determining the significance and magnitude of the impact of selected basic motor skills on the implementation of specific motor tasks in swimming (navigability in place, sliding length with reflection from water, start from starting block, parallel). The study used 10 variables to assess basic motor skills, which were the input or predictor set of variables, and three variables to assess the efficiency of specific motor tasks in swimming as a criterion, each variable from the battery of specific motor tasks was considered as a criterion on the predictor set of basic-motor variables. Three mini regression analyzes were applied to determine the statistical significance and relative influence of basic motor skills on the realization of specific motor tasks in swimming (buoyancy in place, length of sliding with reflection from water...
Influence of Basic and Specific Motor Abilities on Swimming Results
2010
Sports or competitive swimming is one of cyclic sports in which the form and manner of performance are dominated by relatively simple movements, which are always the same and which are alternately repeated during swimming a certain technique. Since swimming is the movement or motor activity of man, it is necessary to study the influence of certain motor skills on the results in swimming. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of certain basic and specific motor abilities on the results in swimming the 100-meter crawl technique for swimmers aged from 9 to 12 years. The sample consisted of 30 swimmers who are members of the swimming club "Niš 2005" from Niš, with swim experience of at least two years. Thirteen tests were used for the assessment of motor skills (predictor's variables), 8 for evaluation of basic and 5 to assess specific motor abilities. The result of swimming in the 100 meter crawl was criterion variable. Regression analysis was used to determine the influence. Based on the results of basic motor skills it can be concluded that the whole system of applied variables have statistically significant effect on the result of the crawl, and variables: throw medicine ball in the prone position-MBAC, long jump from a standing-MSKD and deep bend-MDPR have a single statistically significant influence. When it comes to specific motor abilities, a whole system of applied variables also has statistically significant influence on the result in crawl, while individually statistically significant influence have variables: the absolute speed of swimming-SABR and swimming rate-STP. It can be concluded, based on these results that working with young swimmers require planning of trainings for the development of motor abilities of which the result depends on.
Influence of regular soccer or swimming practice on gross motor development in childhood
Motricidade, 2017
The objective of this study was to analyse the changes on gross motor development after five (T5), ten (T10) and 30 (T30) months of swimming or soccer practice. The study sample consists of 33 preschool-aged boys (4.8±0.5 yrs.): 11 soccer practitioners; 11 swimming practitioners; 11 controls (no previous involvement in sports). The Test of Gross Motor Development–Second Edition was used to assess common gross motor skills (locomotion, object control skills). Both experimental groups improved significantly in their gross motor quotient and the standard scores for locomotion and object control skills between T5 and T10. At T10, all soccer practitioners have already reached the maximum descriptive rating for the gross motor quotient. Between T10 and T30, swimming practitioners were able to improve the standard scores for object control skills. Main results showed a positive impact of swimming and soccer participation in motor proficiency.
Factors determining swimming efficiency observed in less skilled swimmers
Acta of bioengineering and biomechanics / Wroclaw University of Technology
The dynamics of performance in professional sport requires a systematic improvement of the training process. Such activities should also include optimizing the children and youth training in these disciplines, where an early specialization operates. The main aim of this paper was to search for the relationship between swimmer's segmental kinematics (segmental velocities, stroke rate, stroke length, stroke index); the relationship between swimmer's technical skill level (in four competitive swimming techniques) and training overloads taking into consideration gender and age effect. The study group consisted of 121 swimmers (69 female and 52 male), of the Polish 12-15 age group swim team, volunteered to serve as subjects. Video-based methods and video equipment are being applied to assist qualitative and simple quantitative analysis for immediate feedback and research in swimming. Both technical skill level preparation and segmental kinematics of 12-15 year old swimmers proved...
Recreational Swimming – a Way to Improve Motor Skills
Revista Romaneasca pentru Educatie Multidimensionala
Sport has long been considered a social phenomenon that addresses all people, being a right recognised at international and national levels. Initially, adapted sport was a means of medical recovery and a means of spending free time in a pleasant way alongside peers with and without disabilities. Subsequently, adapted sport has turned into a means of comparing the motor skills of contestants having the same medical problems during competitions specially organized for these athletes. In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of people with disabilities who play sports but also in the number of non-disabled people who, in one form or another, get involved in adapted sport. In the present study, we aim to highlight the progress achieved in learning and consolidating the swimming technique by an athlete with Down syndrome (aged 25) who has been practising swimming as a recreational activity for 1 year. Based on certain items, the swimming technique was assessed for the th...
Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 2020
The aim of this study was to determine changes in swimming parameters, stroke coordination and symmetry after repeated high intensity swimming efforts in swimmers of different performance levels and para-swimmers. Method: Forty swimmers (20 ablebodied, allocated to higher and lower performance groups-G1 and G2, respectivelyand 20 impaired swimmers-S5 to S10) were recorded by 4 underwater cameras while performing repeated 50m maximum front-crawl swimming with a ten-second interval for each time endured by the swimmer. A cycle stroke was digitized using SIMI Reality Motion Systems in the first and last trials to analyze the kinematic parameters. The comparison among groups and conditions was performed by Mixed ANOVA Models with p<0.05. Results: For all groups, swimming velocity, stroke rate and stroke index showed reduction over time, while stroke length and intracyclic velocity variation did not show significant changes. Conclusions: Training to maintain stroke rate is necessary to support performance since it is the main cause of velocity decrease. Stroke dimensions and individual underwater phases were not sufficient to distinguish groups or conditions. Hand velocity decreased probably due to a decline in energy capacity, propulsive force and passive drag caused by the fatigue process.