A novel approach using low-cost Citrus limetta waste for mixotrophic cultivation of oleaginous microalgae to augment automotive quality biodiesel production (original) (raw)
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Evaluation of the Potential of Chlorella sp. for Biodiesel Production
Advanced Materials Research, 2013
The type and amount of lipid produced by microalgae directly influence the quality of the achived biodiesel. This study is to report the properties of extracted lipid profile analysis of marine microalgae species Chlorella sp. The extracted lipid is further converted to methyl esters or biodiesel by acid-catalyzed transesterification. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Gas chromatography (GC) and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) are analytical instruments for evaluation the potential of microalgae lipid in biodiesel production. The result showed that our marine microalgae was confirmed as interesting candidate for biodiesel application due to its high lipid content, high biodiesel yield, high cetane (CN) number, low iodine value (IV) and FT-IR spectrum close to crude palm oil and crude palm oil biodiesel.
The investigation first time reports the efficacy of de-oiled algal biomass extract (DOABE) for mixotrophic cultivation of Chlorella sp. MCC27 to enhance biodiesel production in open tray systems and in BioXpert-V2 software connected photobioreactor (PBR). The cultivation systems with addition of DOABE (PBR systems þ DOABE and open tray system þ DOABE) as media were tested for quality and quantity of biodiesel. The presence of organic carbon and low nitrogen in DOABE caused >2 folds higher biomass productivity and >4 folds enhanced lipid productivity for the cells cultivated in PBR system þ DOABE and open tray system þ DOABE as compared to control (i.e. BBM). Biochemical analysis of cells from both the systems revealed the decrease in total carbohydrates and protein contents. The FAMEs analyses showed vehicular quality biodiesel. PBR system þ DOABE showed edge over open tray system þ DOABE in terms of biomass productivity and lipid content. The physical properties of biodiesel produced from Chlorella sp. MCC27 were more close to the fuel standards (ASTM D6751), when cells were cultivated in open tray system þ DOABE than in PBR system þ DOABE. Collectively, this study highlights the use of DOABE as a low cost feedstock for enhancing vehicular quality biodiesel production from microalgae.
This integrated approach first time investigates the use of crude glycerol (CG), a primary by product of the biodiesel production, for heterotrophic cultivation of microalgae (namely, Chlorella sp.) in photo-bioreactor (PBR) to enhance biodiesel production. The glycerol was reported 28.5 ± 0.70% in CG, causing nearly two folds increase in biomass productivity (446.50 ± 1.50 mg L À1 day À1) and nearly four folds enhanced lipid productivity (165.15 ± 0.55 mg L À1 day À1) for the algal cells cultivated in PBR with addition of CG (PBRþCG) system as compared to Bold's Basal media (BBM) used as control. The total lipid content (34.36 ± 0.51%) was also doubled for the cells grown in PBRþCG system than in BBM. The analysis of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) profile by GC-MS showed reduction in total unsaturated fatty acids and poly unsaturated fatty acids, and increase in total saturated fatty acids (SFAs) for the biodiesel obtained from algal cells grown in PBRþCG system. Moreover, the physical properties estimation also specified higher cetane number (53.89) and average oxidative stability (3.41 h), which are comparable with ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 fuel standards. This study demonstrates the potential of the use of CG for enhancing the low cost biodiesel production for vehicular transportation.
Present study used central composite design (CCD) to evaluate algal strains for biodiesel by optimizing their harvesting time and pH. As a preliminary step, green alga Chlorella vulgaris MCRC A0001 and two cyanobacteria Chroococcus turgidus MCRC A0002 and Spirulina platensis MCRC A0005 have been explored for growth in terms of cell number, protein, chlorophyll-a, dry weight and pH from every 5th day till 25th day of growth. Furthermore, no hitherto report on CCD approach to inspect the impact of harvesting period and pH on algal lipid content. As evident from CCD, seemly candidate C. vulgaris MCRC A0001 exhibited high lipid content of 0.22 g dry weight1 on day 20 compared to other strains. Under nitrogen stimulus, C. vulgaris MCRC A0001 grown under 0 g nitrogen/L and 27 C showed 1.39 gL1 biomass which marginally equal to control, and a significant increase in total lipid about 26% which is 4% high over control forum. It is noteworthy that, high biomass coupled with high lipid content was observed in nitrogen deprived and limited cells of C. vulgaris MCRC A0001. Additionally, robust methyl ester yield at 0.69 g g1 was observed in 1:9 ratio of lipid-methanol and 3% NaOH, and ester yield was confirmed by FTIR spectra and gas chromatogram. Besides, gas chromatographic analysis revealed an increase in C16:0 e29.61%, C18:1e25.33%, C18:2e11.3% which are prerequisite for biodiesel production. Further, biodiesel was critically analyzed for Degree of unsaturation (DU-77.32) and Long chain saturation factor (LCSF- 2.96) which accords the European standard.
Production and characterization of biodiesel from Chlorococcum sp.: A green microalgae
Environmental Quality Management
Present dependence on fossil sources for meeting energy demand globally is unsustainable as a result of non‐renewable and depleting supplies. Therefore, this study focuses on production and characterization of biodiesel by Chlorococcum littorale (Chlorococcum sp.) isolated from fish pond in Owode fish farm, Nigeria. Biomass concentration, lipid extraction and quantification were determined by filtration, solvent extraction and gravimetric methods. Extracted lipid was transesterified to diesel through process catalyzed by concentrated tetraoxosulphate (VI) acid. The constituents of fats in biodiesel produced were examined through chromatography of gas and spectroscopy of mass. Model prediction was used to assess physical and chemical parameters of biodiesel. The data gathered was subjected to statistical analysis. Chlorococcum sp. had biomass concentration (4.42 ± 0.02 g/L), Lipid content (67.75% and biodiesel yield (96.33%). Biodiesel had 48.3%, 29.20%, and 22.50% fatty acids that a...
Green microalga Chlorella vulgaris as a potential feedstock for biodiesel
BACKGROUND: A major bottleneck in microalgal biodiesel production is lipid content, which is often low in microalgal species. The present study examines Chlorella vulgaris as a potential feedstock for biodiesel by identifying and evaluating the relationships between the critical variables that enhance the lipid yield, and characterizes the biodiesel produced for various properties. RESULTS: Factors affecting lipid accumulation in a green microalga, Chlorella vulgaris were examined. Multifactor optimization raised the lipid pool to55%dry cell weight against9%control.WhenC. vulgaris cells pre-grown in glucose (0.7%)-supplemented medium were transferred to the optimized condition at the second stage, the lipid yield was boosted to 1974 mg L−1, a value almost 20-fold higher than for the control. The transesterified C. vulgaris oil showed the presence of∼82% saturated fatty acids, with palmitate and stearate as major components, thus highlighting the oxidative stability of C. vulgaris biodiesel. The fuel properties (density, viscosity, acid value, iodine value, calorific value, cetane index, ash and water contents) are comparable with the international (ASTM and EN) and Indian (IS) biodiesel standards. CONCLUSION: C. vulgaris biomass with 55% lipid content and adequate fuel properties is potentially a renewable feedstock for biodiesel.
Production and characterization of biodiesel from Chlorococcum sp.: A green microalgae
Environmental Quality Management, 2023
Biodiesel was prepared by extracting oil from Cladophora glomerata green algae followed by transesterification of the oil using NaOH as a catalyst. The algae Oil extraction was carried out using two different techniques (Soxhlet and refluxing) and similar oil yield was obtained (23-24%). The resulting biodiesel showed desirable physical and chemical properties. Specific gravity, acid value, iodine value, ash content and calorific value of the algae biodiesel were within the specification of American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and European Standards (EN). The analysis of fatty acid methyl ester composition revealed, 63, 27 and 10% for 9octadecodenoic, hexadeconic and octadeconoic acid methyl ester, respectively. From the production line, two waste streams (glycerol and residual biomass) were combined to form a glycerine pellet. The measured energy content of the glycerine pellet was found to be comparable with firewood. Therefore, C. glomerata could potentially be utilized for the production of both biodiesel and glycerine pellet with no net waste in the transesterification process.
Evaluation of the Potential of Biodiesel 3G: Heterotrophic Bioreactors
Anais do XX Congresso Brasileiro de Engenharia Química, 2015
Biodiesel derived from microalgae has several benefits over other resources, such as oil productivity. Many microalgae greatly exceeds the best oil producing crops. Nonetheless, in order to make microalgal biodiesel competitive, single-cell oil productivity evaluation is required under different process conditions. This work evaluates the potential of third generation biodiesel (3G) by microalgae Aphanothece microscopica Nägeli cultivate heterotrophically in agro-industrial wastewaters (fish processing, rice parboiling and dairy processing). The results indicate that the single-cell oil productivities reached 0.05, 0.12 and 0.49 g lipid /L.day for cultivations in fish processing, rice parboiling and dairy processing wastewater, respectively. These values are comparable to oil productivities obtained currently with soybean, demonstrating the potential of microalgae as matrix for oil production for biofuels.