Heart rate cost of running in track estimates velocity associated with maximal oxygen uptake (original) (raw)
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Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2011
Lourenc xo, TF, Martins, LEB, Tessutti, LS, Brenzikofer, R, and Vaz Macedo, D. Reproducibility of an incremental treadmill _ VO 2 max test with gas exchange analysis for runners. J Strength Cond Res 25 : 1994-1999, 2011-The evaluation of performance through the application of adequate physical tests during a sportive season may be a useful tool to evaluate training adaptations and determine training intensities. For runners, treadmill incremental _ VO 2 max tests with gas exchange analysis have been widely used to determine maximal and submaximal parameters such as the ventilatory threshold (VT) and respiratory compensation point (RCP) running speed. However, these tests often differ in methodological characteristics (e.g., stage duration, grade, and speed increment size), and few studies have examined the reproducibility of their protocol. Therefore, the aim of this study was to verify the reproducibility and determine the running speeds related to maximal and submaximal parameters of a specific incremental maximum effort treadmill protocol for amateur runners. Eleven amateur male runners underwent 4 repetitions of the protocol (25-second stages, each increasing by 0.3 kmÁh 21 in running speed while the treadmill grade remained fixed at 1%) after 3 minutes of warm-up at 8-8.5 kmÁh 21 . We found no significant differences in any of the analyzed parameters, including VT, RCP, and _ VO 2 max during the 4 repetitions (p . 0.05). Further, the results related to running speed showed high within-subject reproducibility (coefficient of variation , 5.2%). The typical error (TE) values for running speed related to VT (TE = 0.62 kmÁh 21 ), RCP (TE = 0.35 kmÁh 21 ), and _ VO 2 max (TE = 0.43 kmÁh 21 ) indicated high sensitivity and reproducibility of this protocol. We conclude that this _ VO 2 max protocol facilitates a clear determination of the running speeds related to VT, RCP, and _ VO 2 max and has the potential to enable the evaluation of small training effects on maximal and submaximal parameters.
Responses During Exercise at 90% and 100% of the Running Velocity Associated with VO2max (vVO2max)
1995
Significance of the Problem Purpose Hypotheses Null Hypothesis II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 4 Methods of Determining vV0 2 max vV0 2 max is Treadmill Speed vV0 2 max is Last Treadmill Sustained for 1 Min vV0 2 max is Calculated from V0 2 max and Running Economy vV0 2 max is Calculated from V0 2 max and Running Economy with a Correction for Resting V0 2 vV0 2 max is Determined by Extrapolation of the V0 2 : Velocity Relationship vV0 2 max and Performance Responses to Exercise at vV0 2 max Attainment of V0 2 max V0 2 Kinetics TLim and Performance Reliability of TLim at vV0 2 max III. METHODS AND MATERIALS 13 Subject Characteristics Data Collection Procedures Calculation of V0 2 max Calculation of vV0 2 max TLim and other Responses at vV0 2 max Percentages of Time To and Time At V0 2 max V0 2 Kinetics Statistical Procedures in
VO2 attained during treadmill running: the influence of a specialist (400-m or 800-m) event
2007
Previously it has been observed that, in well-trained 800-m athletes, VO 2 max is not attained during middle-distance running events on a treadmill, even when a race-type pacing strategy is adopted. Therefore, the authors investigated whether specialization in a particular running distance (400-m or 800-m) influences the VO 2 attained during running on a treadmill. Methods: Six 400-m and six 800-m running specialists participated in the study. A 400-m trial and a progressive test to determine VO 2 max were completed in a counterbalanced order. Oxygen uptakes attained during the 400-m trial were compared to examine the influence of specialist event. Results: A VO 2 plateau was observed in all participants for the progressive test, demonstrating the attainment of VO 2 max. The VO 2 max values were 56.2 ± 4.7 and 69.3 ± 4.5 mL · kg -1 · min -1 for the 400-m-and 800-m-event specialists, respectively (P = .0003). Durations for the 400-m trial were 55.1 ± 4.2 s and 55.8 ± 2.3 s for the 400-m-and 800-m-event specialists, respectively. The VO 2 responses achieved were 93.1% ± 2.0% and 85.7% ± 3.0% VO 2 max for the 400-m-and 800-m-event specialists, respectively (P = .001). Conclusions: These results demonstrate that specialist running events do appear to influence the percentage of VO 2 max achieved in the 400-m trial, with the 800-m specialists attaining a lower percentage of VO 2 max than the 400-m specialists. The 400-m specialists appear to compensate for a lower VO 2 max by attaining a higher percentage VO 2 max during a 400-m trial.
VO2 attained during treadmill running: Influence of specialist (400 m or 800 m) event
Previously it has been observed that, in well-trained 800-m athletes, VO 2 max is not attained during middle-distance running events on a treadmill, even when a race-type pacing strategy is adopted. Therefore, the authors investigated whether specialization in a particular running distance (400-m or 800-m) influences the VO 2 attained during running on a treadmill. Methods: Six 400-m and six 800-m running specialists participated in the study. A 400-m trial and a progressive test to determine VO 2 max were completed in a counterbalanced order. Oxygen uptakes attained during the 400-m trial were compared to examine the influence of specialist event. Results: A VO 2 plateau was observed in all participants for the progressive test, demonstrating the attainment of VO 2 max. The VO 2 max values were 56.2 ± 4.7 and 69.3 ± 4.5 mL • kg-1 • min-1 for the 400-m-and 800-m-event specialists, respectively (P = .0003). Durations for the 400-m trial were 55.1 ± 4.2 s and 55.8 ± 2.3 s for the 400-m-and 800-m-event specialists, respectively. The VO 2 responses achieved were 93.1% ± 2.0% and 85.7% ± 3.0% VO 2 max for the 400-m-and 800-m-event specialists, respectively (P = .001). Conclusions: These results demonstrate that specialist running events do appear to influence the percentage of VO 2 max achieved in the 400-m trial, with the 800-m specialists attaining a lower percentage of VO 2 max than the 400-m specialists. The 400-m specialists appear to compensate for a lower VO 2 max by attaining a higher percentage VO 2 max during a 400-m trial.
The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness, 2007
The aim of this study was to compare the oxygen uptake (VO(2)) slow component (SC) during level and uphill running in endurance runners, and to identify associations between the SC and the following aerobic fitness indicators: peak VO(2), running speed associated with the peak VO(2) (Vpeak), running speed at the lactic threshold and the VO(2) fraction elicited at the lactic threshold. Fourteen male endurance-trained runners underwent several 6-min bouts of level (LTR) and 10.5% uphill treadmill running. VO(2) SC was calculated as the difference between mean VO(2) during the 6th and the 3rd minutes. The highest mean values for the SC were 181.9+/-240.2 mL x min(-1) for level running at approximately 94% peak VO(2)2 and 105.4+/-154.6 mL x min(-1) for uphill running at approximately 90% peak VO(2). The SC observed during the last bout of the LTR correlated with peak VO(2) and with Vpeak (-0.71 and -0.76, P<0.05, respectively). The results show that for endurance-trained runners the ...
PeerJ
Background Maximal aerobic speed (MAS) is a useful parameter to assess aerobic capacity and estimate training intensity in middle- and long-distance runners. However, whether middle- and long-distance runners reach different levels of MAS compared to other endurance athletes with similar V̇O2max has not been previously studied. Therefore, we aimed to compare V̇O2max, MAS and spatiotemporal parameters between sub-elite middle- and long-distance runners (n = 6) and endurance non-runners (n = 6). In addition, we aimed to compare the maximal blood lactate concentration [BLa] experienced by participants after conducting these tests. Methods Telemetric portable respiratory gas analysis, contact and flight time, and stride length and rate were measured using a 5-m contact platform during an incremental test at a synthetic athletics track. V̇O2, heart rate, respiratory quotient values in any 15 s average period during the test were measured. [BLa] was analyzed after the test . Running spati...
Achievement of VO2max Criteria in Adolescent Runners: Effects of Testing Protocol
Pediatric Exercise Science, 1994
This study examined. the effects of three testing protocols on the frequency of achievement of V02max criteria in 13 male adolescent long-distance runners. All subjects completed the modified Taylor (T), Bruce (B), and Taylor intermitten! (TI) running protocols on a treadmill to volitional fatigue. The criteria for V02max were (a) respiratory exchange ratio (R) 1.0, (b) heart rate (HR) 2 95% predicted max, and (c) increase in V02 5 2.1 ml.kg-'.min-l with an increase in workload. A plateau was identified in 54%, 39%, and 85% of the subjects during the T, B, and TI protocols, respectively (p < .05). V02 at exhaustion was similar during all protocols (T = 70.8 f 4.1, B = 71.4 If: 3.5, TI = 69.6 If: 5.0 ml.kg-'.mid; p > .05). The data suggest that the characteristics of a protocol can determine the frequency of a plateau achievement but have no effect on the attainment of the R or HR criteria. V02 during running exercise to volitional fatigue is independent of testing protocol. Evaluating the effects of aerobic training programs on the cardiorespiratory capacity of adolescents requires the identification of precise initial and.follow-up maximal oxygen consumption (V02max) values. The measurement of V02max entails a progressive exercise test to volitional fatigue. Established criteria are used to determine if a subject has achieved a true maximal effort (3). A plateau in \jo2 has been identified as the most objective criterion for establishing a valid ~ 0 , m a x value in adults, children, and adolescents (22). Other valid indicators of the limits of the cardiorespiratory system commonly utilized (2, 14, 15, 20) as criteria for V02max in adolescents are a respiratory exchange ratio (R) 2 1.0 and a heart rate (HR) 2 95% of the predicted maximal or a leveling off at peak exercise. Although the R and HR criteria .xe used in conjunction with the plateau criterion, most investigations establish a V02max value based solely on the latter. If a plateau is not observed, the highest VO, value is considered V02 peak and not V02max. A low rate of achievement of the plateau criterion has been reported in adolescent.untrained and active subjects (1, 2, 6, 7, 15, 16, 20). It is possible that a true VOlmax value is not easily identified in children or adolescents because
Journal of Data Acquisition and Processing, 2023
The Purpose of the Study Was to find out effect of varied intensities of plyometric training on vo2 max and resting heart rate, random group design was employed. Randomly selected long distance runners (N=60) were divided into four groups consisting of 15 in each group. Experimental Group I underwent uphill treadmill walking and running exercises, experimental group II underwent down hill treadmill walking and running exercises and experimental group three underwent sprint running on treadmill, group four was control group which did not participated in any special training. The control group did not participate in any special exercises except of their routine. Pre test scores were obtained using standard tests on selected VO2 max, and cardio respiratory endurance before the experimental period and the post test scores were obtained immediately after the twelve weeks experimental period. The difference between the pre test and post test means were subjected to statistical treatment using ANCOVA, which was the effect of uphill, downhill and sprint running on treadmill. In all cases 0.05 level was fixed to test the hypothesis of the study.
A 5-min running field test as a measurement of maximal aerobic velocity
European Journal of Applied Physiology, 1997
Based on a theoretical approach from world record running data, we have previously calculated that the most suitable duration for measuring maximal aerobic velocity (v amax ) by a field test was 5 min (v amax ). The aim of this study was, therefore, to check this hypothesis on 48 men of various levels of physical fitness by comparing (v max(5) ) with (v amax ) determined at the last step of a progressive treadmill exercise test when the subject felt exhausted (v amax(t) ) and during a test on a running track, behind a cyclist (following an established protocol) (v amax(c) ). For each test, (V O 2max ) was also measured by a direct method on a treadmill (V O 2max(t) ) and calculated by an equation for field tests (V O 2max(5) and V O 2max(c) ). The V amax(5) [17.1 (SD 2.2) km · h -1 ] and (v amax(c) ) [(18.2 (SD 2.4) km · h -1 ] were significantly higher than (v amx(t) ) [16.9 (SD 2.6) km · h -1 ; P < 0.001]. The (v amax(t) ) was strongly correlated with (v amax(5) ) (r = 0.94) and (v amax(c) ) (r = 0.95) (P < 0.001). The best identity and correlation between (v amax(5) ) and track performances were found in the runners (n = 9) with experience over a distance of 3,000 m. The V O 2max and (V O 2max(c) ) were higher than V O 2max(t) (+ 5.0% and + 13.7%, respectively; P < 0.001) and V O 2max(t) was highly correlated with v amax(5) (r = 0.90; P < 0.001). These results suggest that the 5-min field test, easy to apply, provided precise information on v amax and to a lesser degree on V O 2max .
Reliability of VO2max in Adolescent Runners: A Comparison Between Plateau Achievers and Nonachievers
Pediatric Exercise Science, 1995
This study examined the test-retest reliability of ~ 0 , m a x in adolescent VO, plateau achievers and nonachievers. Nineteen male long-distance runners completed a modified Taylor running protocol to volitional fatigue twice within a one-week period. Results showed that 10 subjects did not achieve a plateau in either test (No P), and 9 achieved a plateau in at least one of the tests (P). The ~ 0 , m a x differed (p < .05) between tests (Test 1 and Test 2) for the entire sample (Test 1 = 70.4 + 6.0, Test 2 = 71.7 f 6.3) but not within the groups (No P, Test 1 = 72.1 f 4.4, Test 2 = 73.2 + 4.2; P, Test 1 = 68.5 + 7.3, Test 2 = 70.1 + 7.9). ~ 0 , m a x was similar for plateau achievers and nonachievers in both Test 1 and Test 2 (p > .05). Interclass correlation coefficients for ~ 0 , m a x were high for both the No P (R = 37) and P (R = .97) groups. A high test-retest reliability coefficient for ~ 0 , m a x can be obtained evenq when a plateau in ~ 0 , is not achieved. A test that measures a physiological variable must be valid and reliable. It must measure what it is intended to measure consistently and in a reproducible manner when properly administered (10). The inherent day-today variability of a useful and reliable physiological measurement is smaller than the effects of interventions such as training. Maximal oxygen consumption (V02max) during progressive treadmill exercise is considered a reliable measure of cardiorespira-tory capacity. Reliability coefficients ranging from r =. .81 to r = .97 and R = .90 have been reported for repeated measurements of V02max in children and adolescents during running treadmill exercise (3, 4, 7, 12, .14). However, these studies do not report the frequency of achievement of the V02 plateau criterion in relation to the reliability of V02max. The ~0~ plateau phenomenon is the most frequently utilized criterion to define a "true" \jo2max during exercise tests to volitional fatigue. However, studies with children and adolescents have shown that a high percentage of those who perform maximal treadmill exercise tests to volitional fatigue satisfy the respiratory exchange ratio and heart rate criteria for V02max, but do not exhibit