Time Matters Differently in Leisure Experience for Men and Women: Leisure Dedication and Time Perspective (original) (raw)
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Exploring the Role of Time Perspective in Leisure Choices
Journal of Leisure Research, 2015
Time perspective (TP) plays a key role in various aspects of human behaviour. This paper proposes for the first time an integrated model that explores the role that five TPs (past-negative, past-positive, present-fatalistic, present-hedonistic, and future) and having a balanced time perspective (BTP) play in the amount of free time available, leisure benefits sought and leisure activities. The results obtained from a sample of 320 university students reveal that how people understand time is a key predictor of leisure choices. Our study also reveals that having a BTP is a healthy way to enjoy leisure time, which has considerable potential in regard to practical interventions in leisure education and counselling.
Time use and leisure: Subjective and objective aspects
Social Indicators Research, 1990
This paper utilizes data from the 1981 Canadian Time Use Pilot Study and from a small Halifax time-budget study to look at subjective and contextual dimensions of leisure for women and men. The Canadian study (n = 2685) had information on the time spent in daily activities as well as on the settings and social contexts of those activities. The Halifax study included similar time-budget information on 60 married couples, but also incorporated subjective ratings of all diary events in terms of perceived work or leisure. Using subjective weightings from the Halifax study, estimates of subjective leisure were made for different categories of daily activity and for different Canadian population subgroups. Hypercodes were used to look at the effect of social roles on leisure time, and the AID procedure was used to analyze the contextual dimensions of leisure for men and women. The results show that objective activity and well as subjective leisure vary by population subgroup. Constraints to leisure include being female, being employed, having children, and, to some degree, being married. Of the contextual dimensions, subjective leisure was shown to be influenced primarily by type of objective activity. Location, time of day and day of the week also influenced leisure designations, but to a lesser extent. This study suggests the potential usefulness of subjective weightings of activities in order to gain a greater understanding of leisure patterns and participation. This paper reports a strategy for analysis of leisure. It combines objective and subjective dimensions of leisure activities drawing on data from the 1981 Canadian National Time Use Pilot Study and from a small time-budget survey conducted in Halifax, Canada in the same year. Combining aspects of each of these surveys it is possible to consider subjective dimensions of leisure time use, an aspect usually omitted from time-budget studies. In addition to discussing the use of time by individuals, the paper examines also activities or events. In particular it discusses the relationship between leisure activities and the settings in which they occur. It is suggested that the approaches used make possible a more complete understanding of Canadians' leisure patterns.
Discretionary Time Over Time: A Longitudinal View of Adults’ Lives and Leisure
Journal of Time Use Research
This study examined how middle-aged adults perceive discretionary or free time in their lives and the ways in which their life experiences and reflections on life structure are related to these perceptions. Research focused specifically on how changes in perceptions of available discretionary time were related to changing life experiences, assessments of life structure, and perceptions regarding leisure over a nine-year period. Data came from the longitudinal investigation of leisure, life perceptions, and life values: A Study of Leisure During Adulthood, ASOLDA. Descriptive statistics and mixed models were used to examine longitudinal quantitative data from eighty-four study participants. Results indicated that perceptions of time scarcity were most common for adults in years in which they had experienced more negative life events, especially when these life experiences prompted them to rethink and re-evaluate their lives. This pattern was most marked for those who had more positive perceptions of leisure. Data from four qualitative case studies further illustrate findings and future theoretical directions are discussed.
Theoretical and Sociological Aspects of Leisure Time
Saudi Journal of Business and Management Studies
Our society is undergoing a constant change that encompasses all areas of human life. The importance of work and free time, the two central areas of life, has undergone a major change. The reasons are obvious: work alienation, increasing prosperity and the change in traditional social values have given greater importance to leisure time [1]. But despite the multifaceted social and technical changes over time, people have not realized the character and properties of time. The ultimate goal of this research is the theoretical and sociological approach to leisure time. The method adopted for the study was a review of the relevant literature. In the light of the present study, it is found that problems usually arise rather from human attitude towards time than time itself. The concept of time is comprehensive and encompasses physical and biological as well as psychological and social processes, which overlap and influence each other. The perception of time is not the same but varies depending on the person or the situation. Time seems to have a different qualitative and changing meaning. So, as people and their world change, so does the way they perceive time and the measures they take to deal with it. The way someone interprets past events, or thinks about the present and the future differs to a great extent from person to person. Some people consider their present life as a result of their past attempts; others think less of the past and enjoy life in the present, while others believe in the permanent repetition of already known things. The use of time in the course of the day or the week was the subject of research. No doubt, the 24 hours of the day pass just as quickly whether you are old or young, a woman or a man. Time is a phenomenon that is difficult to comprehend and perceive. Time is not always the same time. But with a closer understanding of the prevailing time apprehension, time budget and time patterns we can identify specific attitude structures towards time. Finally, it becomes clear that today we cannot talk about either leisure time park or leisure time society, since time is to a great extent allocated between managing work, house chores and essential hygiene as well as sleep. Only a few have the power to change their own time pattern and develop new dynamics.
Leisure time: Behavioural Factors, Course of Life and Lifestyle
European Journal of Business and Management Research, 2020
Leisure cannot be perceived as a phenomenon that affects all people to the same degree. General statistical trends such as more time, higher available disposable income or technical innovations cannot lead to the conclusion that every member of the society changes its leisure activities in the same way and adapts to the new framework conditions. Whether and how individual social differences affect leisure time, are reproduced or transformed in view of current sociopolitical changes continues to be a particularly topical question in the study of leisure time and lifestyle. The ultimate goal of this research is the analysis of behavioural factors, the course of life and lifestyle as regards leisure time. The method adopted for the study was a review of the relevant literature. In the light of the present study, it is found that a differentiated view of leisure behaviour should essentially be followed from two complementary perspectives: a theory of action and a theory of structure. This action occurs in a social structure, which specifies a place of action for the individual, in which the individual actions are consciously or unconsciously adapted. The analysis of social structures to date can be made more precise. Lifestyles are mainly distinguished by the activities they contain. This means creating a style that results from everyday visible actions and ways of behaving. Orientations are also taken into consideration, which could lead to the conclusion on which principles people organize their lives. Lifestyle, in a nutshell, can be understood as a thematically structured model of providing motivation, perceptions, behaviour and experience in order to meet needs, accomplish tasks, and reach or achieve goals. From the social sciences point of view, it has been shown that lifestyle expression depends on demographic factors that are not influenced, such as age and gender, as well as social factors such as education, occupational status and income. As a result, we can maintain that the change trends as regards leisure time that were discussed here undoubtedly provide a good basis for estimating leisure activities. Adequate time and financial resources are essential to this end.
Unequal leisure opportunities across genders – overwhelmed women
International Journal of the Sociology of Leisure, 2018
Leisure is the means of reproducing our energies we lose due to objective and subjective weariness. While the 'cure' for objective fatigue is sleeping and resting, the solution for subjective tiredness is leisure and pleasure. We need both to stay healthy. Opportunities to stay healthy are however not equal in our societies: Place of Residence; Race/Ethnicity; Occupation; Gender; Religion; Education; Socioeconomic status; and Social capital/Resources (all together referred to as PROGRESS) are the key determinants. In the present paper we highlight at the gender issue from among the key determinants, which status is in strong connection with almost all the above listed features. Throughout history women's political power, financial status (feminisation of poverty, wage gaps), education and labour market status (vertical and horizontal segregation) were less favourable than men's. There are stereotypes like women cannot reconcile work and family. Women, who do all or most of the housework spare a lot of expenses for the family, without financial or moral appreciation. The gender-specific analysis of Hungarian time budget surveys performed since 1993 underline several aspects of unequal opportunities of men and women. Women spend more time on socially constrained workload than men, thanks to their unilateral responsibilities in household tasks and child rearing. As 24 h make a day up, regardless of genders, this excess time should be taken away from an other set of activities, namely from leisure. Mothers with small children, women on a maternity leave, housewives and the actively working women have the smallest amount of leisure time. Women with a vocational education and those living in lower status settlements also possess less time for leisure. Analysis by age revealed, that 30-39 and 40-49-year-old women have the least leisure time. The paper also highlights at the health-mental health consequences women suffer from due to the lack of quality leisure time, and suggests the utilisation of an effective time management aided by lifestyle counsellor professionals.
Participation in leisure activities: the problem of time famine
2009
Availability of free time is the most important determining factor of people s participation in leisure experiences. However, time famine in the modern world is viewed as one of the most serious cons traints to leisure enjoyment. Whereas provis ionsfor accumulation of timefor leisure participation are included in most of the obligatory working environments, the pursuit for economic and profitoriented activities have tended to consume much of what should befree time for leisure experiences. People have tended also to work for extra hours for various reasons, main of which are related to work and other economic activities. The commodification of time has been the main reason for the time famine. This paper therefore, reviews the problem of time famine and ways by which time may be availed for leisure enjoyment.
The Role of Life Experiences on Perceptions of Leisure During Adulthood: A Longitudinal Analysis
Leisure Sciences, 2010
This study examined the life experiences of adults and their effect on perceptions of leisure. Data for this study came from A Study of Leisure during Adulthood (ASOLDA), a 10-year study of the values, attitudes, and perceived freedom in leisure of 84 adults. Individual growth curve modeling was used to explore patterns and change within leisure domains for the sample. Life structure predicted adults' perceived freedom in leisure while life events were predictive of adults' leisure attitudes. Data from interviews were used to supplement the survey data to provide a better understanding of the predictors of leisure perceptions in this study.
The aim of this study is to investigate the free time management levels by college students and its relation to life satisfaction, most participated leisure activities and gender. This study utilized survey research methods and consisted of a convenience sample of 551 students attending Gazi University which has the most students in Ankara in the autumn term of 2014-2015. The data collection tools are the " Personal Information Form " , the " Free Time Management Scale " and the ''The Satisfaction with Life Scale''. Frequency and percentage calculations, Pearson Correlation, t-test, One-Way ANOVA test were utilized in the analysis and interpretation of the data and the significance level was found to be 0.05 using Tukey's range test to determine the difference between the groups. Consequently, there is a positively weak relation between life satisfaction, free time management and all subdimensions. Similarly, there is a positively, very weak relation between life satisfaction and leisure time sufficiency perception. Moreover, there is a statistically significant difference for the scheduling subdimension whereas no statistically significant difference was found between female and male participants' free time management scores and the subdimensions goal setting and technique, leisure attitudes, and evaluating. There is a statistically significant difference between the most participated free time activities and the subdimensions free time management, goal setting/technique, evaluating, and scheduling. According to the results of Tukey's test performed to find between which groups this difference was, it was stated in the goal setting and technique and scheduling dimensions of the free time management scale that those who made use of their free time by taking part in cultural, artistic and touristic and other activities most had higher scores of free time management than those who rested and took part in physical activities (p<0.05) while it was found in the evaluating subdimension that the participants who made use of their free time by taking part in physical activities most had higher scores of free time management than those who rested and took part in cultural, artistic and touristic activities (p<0.05). These results mean that the students lack a sufficient amount of knowledge about how to manage their free time efficiently.