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Early 20th Century Theological Controversies in Ethiopia: A Letter of the Coptic Metropolitan Ṗeṭros of 1904

Aethiopica, 2014

In November–December 2012, the team of the Ethio-SpaRe project found a letter written by the Coptic Metropolitan Peṭros (1881–1917) in 1904. The letter was copied into one of the books housed in the Qǝddǝst Maryam monastery in Qäqäma. It deals with the Trinitarian and Christological doctrines and is addressed to the clergy of Tǝgray. Because of its historical significance, the present article aims at editing and commenting this document.

[Full text] The Centralization Process of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church: An Ecclesiastical History of Ethiopia During the 20th Century

Revue d´Histoire Ecclésiastique, vol. 106, n°3-4, Louvain: 497-520., 2011

This paper attempts to explain the policy of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church aiming at achieving a centralized ecclesiastical authority during the 20th century. The joint initiatives of the political power, both monarchical and revolutionary, and the holders of high ecclesiastical positions made possible the establishment of an ecclesiastical decision-making body centralizing all the decision making processes in the Ethiopian Church administration. Through the establishment of a long set of reforms engaged during the 20th century, in upsetting the old traditions of this Church, the Ethiopian bishopric could assume step by step an unprecedented ecclesiastical hegemony over the ecclesiastical society. Beyond serving the purpose of revealing unknown facts, and in studying documents from archives, this paper will contribute to our knowledge about the recent evolution of one of the most influential institution in Ethiopia.

Yoḥannǝs IV and the Patriarchate of Alexandria: Obtaining Four Coptic Bishops while Ceding Nothing on Jerusalem Issue (1876–1882)

Aethiopica

This article connects two events that occurred in 1881: the arrival of four Coptic bishops in Ethiopia and the attempt by the Copts to remodel the Dayr al-Sulṭān monastery in Jerusalem. First, connecting these two events contradicts the idea that the Copts agreed to appoint four bishops without any compensation—on the contrary they sought a compensation in Jerusalem. Second, it sheds light on Yoḥannǝs’s diplomatic policy, which enabled him to thwart the Coptic ambitions in Jerusalem and to kill two birds with one stone: he obtained four Coptic bishops, while preserving the rights of the Ethiopians in Jerusalem, and this without any compensation to be given in exchange to the Copts or anyone else. This article shows that behind a friendship demonstrated at the time by Ethiopians and Copts were hidden elements of deep discord. It therefore suggests the need, in the future, to rethink the place to be given to the 1881 agreement in the history of relations between Copts and Ethiopians a...

The Ethiopian Church, an Adult Daughter of the Coptic Church

Journal of the Canadian Society of Coptic Studies, 2016

As the Ethiopian Church (which until some twenty years ago included the Eritrean Church) developed following the conversion of Axum to Christianity by Abba Salama (a young Syrian Christian called Frumentius, ordained a bishop by S. Athanasius of Alexandria between 346 and 356 AD), it took its liturgical, canonical, and literary fonts mainly from Egypt. Up to the mid-twentieth century, the Metropolitan of Ethiopia was an Egyptian, and most of the time the country's only bishop. This situation shows why Egypt had so deep an influence on Ethiopian culture. Nevertheless, Ethiopia, which was a Christian kingdom while Egypt was under Islamic rule, has been able to develop her own civilization, inculturating the liturgy, adapting the law and writing out of her own sensitivity, in such a way that, today, both Churches and cultures are clearly different. Ethiopia's Egyptian roots are still visible to the scholars' eyes, but most people would hardly notice them.