8228th Mobile Army Surgical Hospital, Epidemic Hemorrhagic Fever Center (original) (raw)
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History of U.S. Military Contributions to the Study of Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers
Military Medicine, 2005
The viral hemorrhagic fever viruses represent a unique group of viruses that can produce large outbreaks of both animal and human disease and produce severe, highly fatal, human illnesses. The viral hemorrhagic fever viruses display a great deal of diversity in their genetic organization, vectors for transmission, and geographic distribution. They share common features in being able to induce a great deal of cellular damage and to elicit an immune response among humans that can result in severe hemorrhage, coagulopathy, shock, and death. The characteristics of the viral hemorrhagic fever viruses as arthropod-borne or rodent-borne viruses that can result in human illnesses with high morbidity and mortality rates make these viruses a unique threat, historically, currently, and in the future, to deployed soldiers around the world. In response to this threat, U.S. military scientists have been world leaders in the development of knowledge on the viral hemorrhagic fever viruses, from extensive fieldwork in areas in which these viruses are endemic, outbreak investigations of epidemics, and careful clinical studies elucidating the pathogenesis of severe disease. Defining the disease threat and creating practical countermeasures through the development of drugs and vaccines has been the major mission of military scientists and has resulted in numerous candidate vaccines currently in animal and human clinical trials.
MILITARY PREVENTIVE MEDICINE: MOBILIZATION AND DEPLOYMENT Volume 2
bordeninstitute.army.mil
Section 5: Epidemiology in the Field The US Army Yellow Fever Board was established to discover the etiology of yellow fever. In Cuba in 1900, the Board completed a series of classic experiments that showed the role of the mosquito in yellow fever transmission. Attending Private John Kissinger, who volunteered to be infected with yellow fever, are (from left) Major William C. Gorgas, the sanitation officer for Havana who would go on to rid Havana of yellow fever; Contract Surgeon Dr. Aristides Agramonte; Dr. Carlos J. Finlay, a Cuban physician and an early believer in the mosquito's role in yellow fever; Contract Surgeon Dr. James Carroll; and Major Walter Reed, the president of the Yellow Fever Board. Missing from this painting is Dr. Jesse Lazear, also a member of the Board, who contracted yellow fever while conducting experiments and died.
Biomedicines
The environmental conditions generated by war and characterized by poverty, undernutrition, stress, difficult access to safe water and food as well as lack of environmental and personal hygiene favor the spread of many infectious diseases. Epidemic typhus, plague, malaria, cholera, typhoid fever, hepatitis, tetanus, and smallpox have nearly constantly accompanied wars, frequently deeply conditioning the outcome of battles/wars more than weapons and military strategy. At the end of the nineteenth century, with the birth of bacteriology, military medical researchers in Germany, the United Kingdom, and France were active in discovering the etiological agents of some diseases and in developing preventive vaccines. Emil von Behring, Ronald Ross and Charles Laveran, who were or served as military physicians, won the first, the second, and the seventh Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for discovering passive anti-diphtheria/tetanus immunotherapy and for identifying mosquito Anopheline...
Medical Science At War, 1946
Medical Science at War* A. A. WEECH Professor of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati, Ohio During the past several years the circumstance of war has brought to me the privilege of association with a widely scattered group of physicians, teachers and investigators in the fields of basic medical science and others whose special experience and training have developed the qualifications for group participation. These men have been endeavoring to promote medical research where research is most needed and to see that the fruits of research achieve without delay their objective of being applied to the prevention and treatment of disease and the management of battle wounds. My hat is off to some of these men who voluntarily abandoned their peace time occupations in order to devote their entire energy to the national cause. No contribution which I have made deserves even middle page mention in the newspaper annals of medical science at war. I am merely grateful to have had the opportunity to view from within the working of a great machine. As an investigator engaged in research under government contract, as a member of one of the subcommittees of the National Research Council and as a consultant in a narrow field to the Committee on Medical Research, I have at least had a diversified opportunity to watch the wheels go round. And, having reached a state of maturity which may not be far removed from senility, I have permitted philosophical cogitations to wander through my mind while observing the turning wheels. This evening I have chosen to talk a bit about the cogitations. They deal with past and present work in the field of medical science and with certain implications for the future. They are, perhaps, appropriate for an occasion staged at the postprandial hour which society has decreed should be devoted to congeniality and philosophical discussion. Address delivered to the members of Pi Kappa Epsilon, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, May 2, 1945
Was the huey cocoliztli a haemorrhagic fever?
Medical history, 2000
Institute and State University, for his help with the translation of the Hernindez excerpt; Prof. Robert E Shope, MD, University of Texas (Galveston) for his expert observations on viruses and their history; and Myron G Schultz, DVM, MD, for his continuing support, suggestions and encyclopedic knowledge of the history of infectious diseases.
Was the Huey Cocoliztli a haemorrhagic fever?
Medical History, 2000
Institute and State University, for his help with the translation of the Hernindez excerpt; Prof. Robert E Shope, MD, University of Texas (Galveston) for his expert observations on viruses and their history; and Myron G Schultz, DVM, MD, for his continuing support, suggestions and encyclopedic knowledge of the history of infectious diseases.