Depression and its predictors among people living with HIV/AIDS on antiretroviral therapy (original) (raw)
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International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health, 2017
Background: Depression is a common mental health disorder encountered in people living with HIV/AIDS. Depression has a strong impact on the daily chores in the lives of those suffering from HIV/AIDS and their ability to cope with the disease and has a special role to play in adherence to antiretroviral therapy. This study was undertaken to assess the prevalence of depression in PLHA attending the ART centre of AMCH. Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out on 54 patients attending the ART centre. They were interviewed using a predesigned and pretested proforma with prior consent. Depression was assessed using the MDI-4 scale and data was analysed using SPSSv16. Chi square test was done to see the association. Results: Majority (85%) of the respondents were male. Prevalence of depression was found in 55.6% of the respondents. Alcoholic history was found in 54% and smoking in 24% (p<0.05). Most were educated below 10 th grade (66.6%) (p<0.05). Most of them (83.3%) disclosed their status to their family members. Conclusions: The prevalence of depression is very high in PLHA. To diagnose depression and to treat at the earliest will go a long way in improving their quality of life.
Family Medicine & Primary Care Review, 2021
Background. Mental health disorders have received little attention amongst people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). Depression is the most common psychiatric consequence of HIV/AIDS diagnosis. Its prevalence is higher among PLWHA than the general population. Objectives. To determine the prevalence of depression, to identify its associated factors and, lastly, to determine its association with treatment outcome measures among PLWHA on antiretroviral therapy (ART) aged ≥ 18 years receiving care at the HIV clinic of General Hospital, Lagos. Material and methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted using the systematic random sampling method to select participants over a period of 14 weeks. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was designed to capture socio-demographic, behavioural, psychosocial, HIV and health-related information, as well as the clinical data of the participants. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) was used to assess depression. The relationships between depression and other participants' characteristics were tested with Pearson's chi-squared (χ 2) test. Logistic regression analysis was used to minimise confounding, and the level of statistical significance was set as a p-value of ≤ 0.05. Results. The total of 279 respondents, with a mean age of 43.1 ± 10.3 years, were predominantly females (67.7%). The prevalence of depression among the participants was 24%. Factors such as occupation (p = 0.041; 95% CI, 0.43 to 3.63), alcohol intake (p = 0.036; 95% CI, 0.62 to 3.82), cohabitation (p = 0.025; 95% CI, 1.43 to 3.82), stigmatisation (p = 0.008; 95% CI, 0.92 to 3.70) and personal history of depression (p < 0.001; 95% CI: 1.75 to 6.38) showed statistically significant relationships with depression. Conclusions. The burden of depression is high among PLWHA. Identifying and unravelling factors associated with depression among PLWHA and advocacy against stigmatisation will play a significant role in reducing this burden.
2021
Abstract: Depression is one of the most common neuropsychiatric complications of HIV disease, and this leads to worse HIV-related health outcomes. With 350 million people affected worldwide, rates of depression are roughly two times greater in people living with HIV than in the general population. Objective: Determine prevalence of depression in patients attending Comprehensive Care Centre Shifa international Hospital, Islamabad Design: Descriptive cross-sectional quantitative study. Settings: Shifa international Hospital, Islamabad Comprehensive Care Centre, Methods: This data is from a bigger study ‘prevalence of alcohol use disorders and depression in patients attending Comprehensive Care Centre (CCC). The study population consisted of PLWHA attending the CCC. Two hundred and seventy-two (N=272) participants from CCC attendants were recruited. All consenting male and female aged 18-65 years were interviewed using the researcher’s designed questioner to collect their socio-demogr...
Asia Pacific Psychiatry, 2015
Introduction Surat has the highest incidence of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) in Gujarat, the main reason being its large migrant population. Mental health in HIV/AIDS has most often been a topic of neglect all over the world. This study attempts to assess the magnitude of depression and the socio-demographic and clinical variables associated with it in HIV-positive patients. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in 270 HIV-positive patients using Beck Depression Inventory (BDI; translated and validated in Gujarati and Hindi) along with a questionnaire for eliciting information on socio-demographic and clinical variables. Results The prevalence of depression among HIV-positive patients was 30% with 12.22% having mild depression; 14.07% with moderate depression and 3.7% with severe depression. Bivariate analysis showed that physical pain, physical illness, Cluster of Differentiation 4 (CD4) <300 cells/mm3, HIV positive spouse, discrimination at hospital, discrimination in society, government setup as the first place of HIV test and broken relationship with spouse after HIV disclosure were significantly associated with depression among the patients. On multiple logistic regression, discrimination at hospital, physical pain and CD4 <300 cells/mm3 were found to be the significant predictors of depression among the patients. Discussion HIV-positive patients can be screened by counselors using easy-to-administer scales like BDI, which can be translated and validated into any regional language. A trained psychiatrist should be appointed at the Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART) center to take care of the mental health issues of the patients
National journal of community medicine, 2022
Background: PLHIV often suffer from depression and anxiety during their quest to adjust to the diagnosis and face the difficulties of living with a chronic illness, of which permanent cure is yet to be discovered. Positive people network linkages should be established by each ART centre for its respective locality. The objective of the study is to assess depression among HIV positive beneficiaries registered with Network of Surat People Living with HIV (NSP+) in Surat. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among 30 PLHIV on ART from Network of Surat People Living with HIV (NSP+). Beck Depression Inventory was applied to assess depression. Results: The mean BDI score among male and female participants was 25.6 (± 11.39) and 23 (± 12) respectively, 9 male participants were having moderate depression, 3 as severe, and 2 as extreme depression. Among females 4 participants were found to having mild mood disturbance while 4 were classified as having moderate depression, whereas only 1 participant was classified as having extreme depression (score of 53). Pearson's correlation between CD4 count and BDI score was found to be-0.35. Conclusion: Though majority of the participants are in WHO clinical stage 1, yet all the participants had borderline to extreme depression. Males had lower CD4 count, higher proportion of OI and higher mean score of BDI. Lower the CD4 count higher the severity of depression.
Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice, 2013
Background: Depression is a common co-morbidity among persons living with human immunodeficiency virus infection/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) (PLWHAs). It is associated with poor treatment adherence and higher mortality rates. Few reports have, however, emanated from developing countries where socioeconomic factors may confound this association. Materials and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional comparative study of PLWHAs and apparently healthy staff of three LGA's. The depression module of the Schedule for the Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was used to diagnose depression and depression symptom severity, respectively. Results: Depression was commonly co-morbid among individuals with HIV/AIDS. It was five times more common in PLWHAs than in apparently healthy populations (29.3% vs. 7.3%, OR: 5.25, 95% CI: 2.50-11.76). A similar trend was observed for depression symptom severity. Among PLWHAs, depression was significantly more likely among females (OR: 7.91, 95% CI: 1.83-71.00, P < 0.01), those unemployed (OR: 2.94, 95% CI: 0.18-1.82, P < 0.04), and with an illness duration >3 years (OR: 7.90, P < 0.0001). Having at least one child (OR: 2.79, 95% CI: 1.25-6.16, P < 0.001) and living with others (OR: 4.71, 95% CI: 1.51-15.52, P < 0.003) significantly reduced depression risk. Conclusion: Depression was commonly co-morbid among PLWHAs studied. Clinicians should be aware of risk factors for depression among PLWHAs in order to improve treatment outcomes.
HIV/AIDS (Auckland, N.Z.), 2020
Background Nearly, 350 million people in the world are currently living with depression. Depression happening in PLHIV leads to alteration of economic productivity, decrease of working abilities, social isolation, physical decline and difficulties in solving problems. This study investigates the burden of depression and associated factors on HIV/AIDS patients attending an ART clinic. Methods An institution-based cross-sectional study was implemented from April 1 to May 30, 2019 on a total of 417 HIV-positive patients. Systematic random sampling technique was used to access the study participants. Interviewer-administered structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Data were entered in to EpiData 3.1 and then were exported into Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS window version 20) for analysis. Results Four hundred ten (410) respondents participated in the study with a response rate of 98.3%. The burden of depression was 50.5% in this study. Male (AOR=1.53; ...
Prevalence of Depression and Associated Risk Factors among
Background: Depression, the most common psychiatric disorder among the elderly, is not yet perceived as an important health problem in India, where few population-based studies have addressed this problem. Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of depression and identify the associated risk factors in the elderly population. Materials and Methods: 3038 consenting elderly (>60 years old) rural and urban residents of both sexes from the fi eld practice areas were interviewed and examined in a cross-sectional study. Physical impairment in the subjects was assessed with the Everyday Abilities Scale for India (EASI), depression by the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15), and cognitive impairment by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Data were analyzed using Epi Info version-6 software. Statistical analysis included proportions, χ2-test, odds ratio, and its 95% confi dence interval. Multiple logistic regression was done using SPSS version 21. Results: The prevalence of depression in the study population was 8.9%. It was signifi cantly higher in urban residents, females, older elderly, nuclear families, in those living alone, those not working, illiterates, poor, functionally impaired, and cognitively impaired. In the multivariate analysis, unmarried/widowed status, unemployment, and illiteracy did not emerge as risk factors. Conclusions: Urban residence, female gender, higher age, nuclear family, poverty, and functional and cognitive impairment were found to be associated with depression even after controlling for other factors. Keywords: Cognitive impairment, Depression, Elderly, Functional impairment, Prevalence
Clinical features of depression in Uganda.pdf
Objective: Depressive illness is the most common psychiatric disorder in HIV/AIDS with prevalence 2 to 3 times higher than the general population. It's still questionable whether HIV related depression is clinically different from depression in HIV-negative populations, a fact that could have treatment implications.This study compared the clinical features of major depression between HIV-Positive and HIV-negative patients with a view to intervention strategies. Method: A comparative, descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out on 64 HIV-Positive depressed patients and 66 HIV-negative depressed patients in Butabika and Mulago hospitals. They were compared along the parameters of clinical features of depression, physical examination and laboratory findings. Pair wise comparisons, logistic regression and Multivariate analysis were done for the two groups on a number of variables. Results: Compared to HIV-Negative patients, HIV-Positive patients were more likely to be widowed ; older (≥ 30years), less likely to have a family member with a mental illness; a later onset of depressive illness (≥30years); more likely to have a medical illness and taking medication before onset of depressive, symptomatically compared to HIV-Negative patients, HIV-Positive patients were more critical of themselves ; had significantly more problems making decisions ; had poorer sleep; felt more easily tired; more appetite changes; more cognitive impairment. Low CD4 counts were not significantly associated with depression, but HIV related depression was more likely to occur in stages II and III illness. Conclusion: These findings show that the clinical and associated features of depression differ between HIV-Positive and HIV-Negative patients, thus requiring different management approaches and further studies related to HIV-related depression.
Journal of Affective Disorders, 2011
Introduction: depression, besides causing great psychological distress, may lead to poor academic performance and social relationships. Objective: to examine the prevalence of depressive symptoms in medical students from a northeastern region of Brazil. Methods: the population comprised 1024 students from first to twelfth semesters of two medical schools in Cariri, Ceará, Brazil. We used the questionnaire on sociodemographic characteristics and the Beck Depression Inventory II version. Results: the prevalence in this population for the diagnosis of depression was 28.8%.652 (63.7%) complied with all protocols to stay in research. After logistic regression, had a negative impact on studentsmental health: female Odds Ratio adjusted (ORa) (95% CI): 1.83 (1.19 to 2.82), reasonable physical health ORa (95% CI): 3.15 (2 0.09 to 4, 73), uncertainty about professional future ORa (95% CI): 2.97 (1.65 to 5.34), desire to change course ORa (95% CI): 2.51 (1.63 to 3.86), good social relationship but without participation in social activities ORa (95% CI): 1.96 (1.27 to 3.04), relationship difficulties ORa (95% CI): 11.40 (4.32 to 30.14) and rare leisure activities (95% CI): 2.45 (1.49 to 4.04) or eventual leisure activities ORa (95% CI): 3.04 (1.70 to 5.42). Conclusion: there was a high prevalence of depression among medical students in this region. Female, reasonable physical health, uncertainty over future career, desire to change course, do not participate in social activities and / or difficulties in relationships, sporadic or rare leisure activity were associated with increased risk of developing depressive symptoms.