Pharmacology Diuretics (original) (raw)
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DIURETICS (thiazide, loop, potassium sparing): A Review
Diuretics are the class of drugs that mainly act by increasing the urine output promoting the excretion of salts, excess water and other toxic substances out of the body. Diuretic drug therapy is mainly used to lower the blood pressure and in treatment of various diseases related to kidney, heart or liver problems. Thiazide type of diuretics is the most commonly prescribed that act on distal convulated tubules. Loop diuretics (furosemide , torsemide) act by preventing Na+ reabsorption. Triamterene and Amiloride , potassium sparing diuretics lowers blood pressure and treat edema conditions in patients eliminating excess water level. All type of diuretics are used in cases of hypertension, liver cirrhosis, heart failure and water poisoning(edema).
Review on Recent Advances in a Modern Day Treatment: Diuretic Therapy
INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHARMACY, 2013
The choice of drugs to initiate therapy for the management of hypertension remains contentious and diuretics are central to this controversy. Because most of the major trials involve complex treatment algorithms and allow diverse background treatments, one of the greatest challenges lies in separating out true class specific effectsfor example, separating true class-specific effects of diuretics from those of beta blockers. Thiazide diuretics were the first tolerated efficient antihypertensive drugs that significantly reduced cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in placebo-controlled clinical studies. Although these drugs today still are considered a fundamental therapeutic tool for the treatment of hypertensive patients. A description of successful use of diuretics in specific edematous states, such as congestive heart failure, chronic renal failure, nephrotic syndrome, and liver disease, is followed by a brief discussion of the management of resistant edema and the use of diuretics in non edematous states, including essential hypertension and other conditions. The elements required to successfully achieve adequate natriuresis under such conditions are analyzed. Because achieving diuresis may result in significant hypokalemia, hyponatremia, metabolic alkalosis, and worsening prerenal azotemia, the prevention and management of these complications of diuretic therapy are also reviewed.
Update of Diuretics in the Treatment of Hypertension
American Journal of Therapeutics, 2007
Diuretics, which are primarily used to modify the volume and the composition of body fluids, are widely used to treat hypertension. The diuretics include a) the thiazides and thiazide-like agents, which are the most common drugs used to treat high blood pressure (these drugs inhibit sodium reabsorption in the early distal convoluted tubule); b) loop diuretics, such as furosemide, block chloride and sodium reabsorption by inhibition of the Na + /K + /2Cl 2 cotransport system in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle; and c) potassium-sparing (retaining) diuretics, including aldosterone receptor blockers (such as spironolactone and eplerenone) and epithelial sodium channel blockers (such as amiloride and triamterene, which interfere with the reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium and hydrogen that takes place in the late distal tubule, the connecting tubule, and the cortical collecting duct). Hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg once daily or equivalent low dosages of other similar agents reduce blood pressure in approximately one-half to two-thirds of patients who are responsive to this class of drugs; higher doses add little to the effect on blood pressure and also increase side effects. Some combinations of very small doses of thiazide diuretics-for example, 6.25 mg hydrochlorothiazide or 0.625 mg indapamide, with a low dose of an antihypertensive drug of a different class-have average antihypertensive efficacy when used once daily. Furosemide is used in patients with renal failure or severe heart failure and is best given by continuous intravenous infusion. The potassium-sparing diuretics are generally used in combination with thiazide diuretics to treat hypertension.Side effects occur at about the same frequency and severity with equipotent doses of all diuretics. The incidence of side effects is dose-dependent and also increases as a function of the duration of the renal excretory and antihypertensive actions. However, longer-acting diuretics provide better 24-hour control of blood pressure and increase compliance and adherence to the treatment regimen.
Comparative analysis of distinct diuretics through urine analysis
African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2012
Diuretics are used for different diseases and are taken without knowing their adverse/side effects. To create awareness, four popular diuretics, Lasix, Spiromide, Aldactone and Conium were investigated for their effect on body. These were experimented over four volunteers with single and double doses. The urine of these volunteers was collected for analysis of sodium and potassium. The obtained results showed that the effect of medicine remained up to 6 to 12 h. In this duration, the sodium excreted value went up for a certain period and then became almost normal and same was true for potassium. The increase in dosage increased the rate of excretion of the cations and also prolonged the time period of their effects. It is concluded that although Lasix, a potential diuretic but its effects over body were also severe in terms of excretion of ions etc. Similarly, Spiromide was also noted to be a reasonably effective diuretic and its effects are totally different from Lasix in terms of excretion of ions and body weight loss. The other two medicines (Aldactone and Conium) did not show much effect upon excretion etc.
Micro Determination of Some Diuretic Drugs along with its Pharmacological Activity
The development of Diuretic Drugs is used for the increased production of urine. Commonly known as "water pills," these drugs help your kidneys get rid of extra water and salt from your body through your pee. Because you have less total fluid in your blood vessels, like a garden hose that's not turned on all the way, the pressure inside will be lower. This also makes it easier for your heart to pump. On the basis of oxidation pattern and literature available a possible course of reaction for the preparation of Diuretic Drugs such as Diamox (Tab), synomax (Tab), Tebemid (Tab), Frusemene (Tab), Aquazide (Tab), Xenia (Tab), Kratol (Inj), Mannigyl (Inj), Aldactide (Tab) and spilactone (Tab) are discussed. Background: Diuretics refer to substances that cause loss or removal of excess water from the body in the form of urine. The specific medicines that act as diuretics which are generally referred as the "water pills". Vegetables like asparagus,tomatoes and oats etc. are certain natural diuretic. Since the discovery of thiazide diuretic in 1957, which for the first time offered the possibility of efficiently reducing blood pressure. These drugs have represented a fundamental tool for the treatment of hypertension. Moreover, placebo controlled clinical studies have documented clearly the benefit of thiazide diuretics, either given alone or combined with blockers, in reducing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Materials and Methods: 1-5mg of the sample were taken in 100mL stoppered conical flask followed by the addition of 5mL AHC (0.1M) reagent, prepared in 0.5N-HNO3. The reaction mixture was Introduction Rajeev Singh Baghel : 114 shaken well and allowed to react for required reaction time at room temperature (25-30ºC). The unconsumed Ce(IV) was titrated against 0.025M FAS solution using two drops fo ferroin indicator (0.001M). A blank experiment was also performed under identical conditions using all the reagents except the sample. The amount of AHC consumed for the sample was calculated with the difference in the titre values of ferrous ammonium sulphate solution for blank and actual experiments. The recovery of the sample was calculated with the amount of AHC consumed for the sample. For every sample percentage error, coefficient of variation and standard deviation were calculated. Results: The development of Diuretic Drugs is used for the increased production of urine. Commonly known as "water pills," these drugs help your kidneys get rid of extra water and salt from your body through your pee. Because you have less total fluid in your blood vessels, like a garden hose that's not turned on all the way, the pressure inside will be lower. This also makes it easier for your heart to pump. On the basis of oxidation pattern and literature available a possible course of reaction for the preparation of Diuretic Drugs such as Diamox (Tab), synomax (Tab), Tebemid (Tab), Frusemene (Tab), Aquazide (Tab), Xenia (Tab), Kratol (Inj), Mannigyl (Inj), Aldactide (Tab) and spilactone (Tab) are discussed. Conclusion:The development of Diuretic Drugs is used for the increased production of urine. Commonly known as "water pills," these drugs help your kidneys get rid of extra water and salt from your body through your pee. Because you have less total fluid in your blood vessels, like a garden hose that's not turned on all the way, the pressure inside will be lower. This also makes it easier for your heart to pump. On the basis of oxidation pattern and literature available a possible course of reaction for the preparation of Diuretic Drugs such as Diamox (Tab), synomax (Tab), Tebemid (Tab), Frusemene (Tab), Aquazide (Tab), Xenia (Tab), Kratol (Inj), Mannigyl (Inj), Aldactide (Tab) and spilactone (Tab) are discussed.
Journal of Internal Medicine, 2001
Rejnmark L, Vestergaard P, Heickendorff L, Andreasen F, Mosekilde L (Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark). Effects of thiazide-and loopdiuretics, alone or in combination, on calcitropic hormones and biochemical bone markers: a randomized controlled study (Original study). J Intern Med 2001; 250: 144±153.