Is the Use of Keke Napep (A Tricycle) for Poverty Eradication in Nigeria: A Reality or Mirage? Abomaye-Nimenibo,Richman Alapakasam (original) (raw)
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Impact of Tricycle Transportation Earning on Poverty Reduction in Kaduna Metropolis , Nigeria
2018
Kaduna State government banned the use of the motorc ycle as a means of commercial transportation in the major cities of the state because Boko Haram insurgents have been accused ABSTRACT This study assessed the impact of tricycle transportationpopularly known as (Keke-Napep) on poverty reduction in Kaduna metropolis. The main source of data for the study is primary and was obtained through the use of structured questionnaires. A total of 370 questionnaires were administered to tricycle operators within Kaduna metropolis by the use of clustersamplingtechnique. Foster,Greer and Thorbecke model of mathematical poverty measurements were used for the data analysis in the study. Findings of the workshown that, 85 percent of the tricycle riders earned above poverty line. This implies that 15 percent of the tricycle riders earn below minimum wage level in Nigeria.It was concluded that commercial tricycle as subset of transportation in Kaduna state has a significant impact on income generation to the riders. The study recommended that Government should recognize tricycle operation as an agent of development since it has the capacity to create employment and reduces poverty in the state.
Tricycle Operation and Socio-Economic Development within Uyo Metropolis
This study examined the contribution of commercial tricycles to the socioeconomic development in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, through revenue generation to the government, employment generation for the people and the movement of economic goods within the Uyo metropolis, Akwa Ibom State. Using the survey research technique, data for the study were drawn from primary and secondary sources through the cross-sectional survey of 400 respondents from 10,500 registered Keke riders in Uyo. The study employed the economic development framework as a theoretical framework to determine how transportation activities enhance socioeconomic development. It was discovered among others, that tricycle operation has generated revenue from the payment of taxes and registration fees to the State Ministry of Transport; that it has generated a lot of direct (riders) and indirect (spare parts dealers and mechanic) employment opportunities to the citizens; and that tricycle operations have aided in the movement of people, goods and services, even to the rural areas. The study recommended that apart from the State Government ensuring that revenue generated from tricycle operations is channelled to the development needs of the state, it should also effectively monitor tricycle operations to avoid illegal registration and diversion of the funds by fraudulent revenue collection agents.
Assessment of Tricycle as a Tool of Poverty Alleviation in Maiduguri, Borno State, Northeast Nigeria
This paper assessed the socioeconomic importance of Tricycle (Keke Napep) as a tool of poverty alleviation. It is service industry task with the role of commuting passengers and their light freight across a geographical space. The full weight of the transportation medium was exerted on the study area with the ban of motor cycle operations. It forms part of many socioeconomic activities taking place in Maiduguri. Multi stage sampling techniques were used in collecting the primary data. Maiduguri was stratified into densely, moderately and sparsely populated areas. Table of random numbers guided selection process of sample from stratum after mapping the existing Tricycle stations. The primary data were obtained through interview schedule, observation as well as trip count. The respondents were also selected systematically at regular defined interval. Findings were analysed using descriptive statistical tools. It was revealed that the operation of Keke Napep come into effect in full pledge with the ban of Motorcycle as a means of transportation in Maiduguri. It absorbs large number of productive male gender into the trade as operators while the females only surfaced as owners of the vehicles. It is par with other economic activities in terms of employment and income generation. The operation of the new medium of transportation was hindered to larger extent by the insecurity bedevilling the state. In addition to the security threat, double and over taxation were also forces of retardation.
2017
This research work is carried out the topic ―impact of tricycle operation on income of youth in Mubi North local government Adamawa state‖. The rate of unemployment among youth is a source of concern to the government. This has led to the initiative of economic policy reform in favor of employment generation. This study examined the role of tricycle (KekeNapep) on employment generation in Mubi North local government of Adamawa state. Data for the study were obtained from primary source using questionnaire. Hundred questionnaires were distributed and all were completed and returned. The data were analyzed using simple percentage and multiple regressions. The findings of this research revealed that, the tricycles mean of transport in Adamawa state has increased the income of youth through generation of employment opportunities and is has also reduced the rate of accident compare to Okada. It is recommended that, there should be more skillacquisition and resettlement scheme in Mubi Nor...
International Journal of Innovative Research and Development, 2018
The existence and potential benefits of informal sector in Kenya's economy was given recognition and prominence following the publication in 1972 of the International Labour Organization's (ILO's) report on the unemployment situation in Kenya(ILO, 2014). Since then, the sector has continued to expand in scope, compexity and the type of small-scale businesses carried out, in addition to creating thousands of employment opportunities(Njenga, Kemtsop, Willilo, Opiyo, & Hine, 2013). It has also gained much public and official policy support especially since the 1980's with many government policy documents tailored to it, to specifically nurture its growth through the provision of an enabling business and regulatory environment (Kenya, 1986; 1992; 1999; 2003). One of the latest additions to the informal sector businesses with great potential to improve livelihoods and minimize the incidence of poverty, has occurred in the road transport sub-sector. In the last one decade or so, motorcycle-commonly known as boda boda, used for both commercial passenger and light freight transport, has revolutionized the road transport sub-sector in Kenya inrural and as well as urban areas (Njenga, et al., 2013). Motorcycle taxis have come with enormous advantages over other motorized modes of road transport that make them suitable for both rural and urban setups (Starkey, 2016). Many rural areas in sub-Saharan Africa, Kenya included, have poor road networks, hindering access to public transport(Yakubu, 2012). People have to walk and goods moved over considerably long distances to get to the nearest road to access public transport(Yakubu, 2012). Lately, the emergence of informal commercial motorcycle taxis has tremendously reduced this burden. Traffic jams in major urban areas and poorly developed infrastructure in rural areas making motorcycles the preferred mode of transport over short distances for many Kenyans (The Standard, February 13, 2018). Moreover, motorcycles have become critical in delivery of supplies and parcels for both homes and businesses. Most companies with operations in Nairobi have invested in motorbikes (Ibid). The impetus for the phenomenal emergence of commercial motorcycles in Kenya can be attributed to the socioeconomic and political changes that came in the aftermath of the 2002 general elections in which the coalition of opposition parties, National Rainbow Coalition (NARC) trounced, the then ruling party Kenya African National Union (KANU). KANU that has been in power since independence and had presided over much of the economic decline 1 and deterioration of the human condition 2 that took place in the 1980's and 1990's 3 decades. 1 1 Kenya's economic performance fell far below its potential. Growth of GDP in constant prices stood at 1.8per cent in 1998 and was expected to rise to 2.3per cent in 1999 (Kenya: Economic Survey, 1999, p. 2) 2 Number of people openly unemployed stood at 2million 2003or 14.6per cent of the labour force, with the youth accounting for 45per cent of the total. Number of people living in poverty rose 11million or 48per cent of the population in 1990 to 17 million or 56per cent in 2001(Kenya, 2003, Executive
Does Earning from Commercial Motorcycles Alleviate Poverty amongst Riders, 2020
The need to survive economically and financially in an unfriendly economy, Nigeria inclusive has driven many Nigerians both youth and old into riding of commercial motorcycles commonly known as 'Okada' business to earn a living. Therefore, this study examined the effect of commercial motorcycles earning on poverty alleviation in Akoko NorthEast Local Government Area of Ondo State,Nigeria.The study adopted a convenience sample technique in selecting 140 respondents in the study area using descriptive statistics and logit regression techniques. The descriptive statistics showed that 97% of the respondents were males and 3% females. Also, 23% of the respondents involved in daily money contribution, 25% weekly money contribution, 11% monthly money contribution and 41% did not. The logit result showed that daily estimated income level and accessibility to motorcycles had reduced poverty level by 99.9% within the study area. By implication, either daily, weekly or monthly estimated income and accessibility to commercial motorcycles by Nigeriansyouth were found to be a means of poverty alleviation in Nigeria.Furthermore, the study also proved that the level of education had contributed to poverty reduction by 79.3% within the study area.The study concluded that earning from commercial motorcycles had drastically reduced the poverty level among riders in Akoko NorthEast Local Government Area of Ondo state, Nigeria.The study therefore, recommended that seminars on good conduct amongst the riders should be organized either by the government, non-governmental organization or motorcycle union in order to increase earning amongst riders. Also, motorcycle unions or private bodies should make motorcycle available for users that intend to use them for commercial purposes in order to meet their daily needs, so as to significantly reduce poverty in the country.
2016
The operation of commercial motorcycles contributes to the living standard of the operators and the nation in developing countries like Nigeria. A total number of 1,530 structured questionnaires were administered to members of the Amalgamated of Motorcycle Owners and Riders Association of Nigeria (ACCOMORAN) in Akure. The respondents were surveyed using triangulation sampling technique based on the consideration to examine at least half (50%) of the total study population; 1,343(65.8%) questionnaires were retrieved for data analysis. The study found that daily income of commercial motorcycle operators varies depending on individual efficiency (32%), aggressiveness (16%) and duration of operations (42%). The highest average daily income made by the Okada operators ranges from N3,000 ($10) and above, while 70.1% of the riders made a minimum of N1,600 ($5.3) daily. Thus, the Okada operators get more than a monthly minimum wage of N18,000 ($60) being paid to the Nigerian government work...
A Review of the Motorcycle Phenomenon on Livelihoods in Eldoret and Kakamega Municipalities
International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2018
Commercial motorcycle taxi has emerged as an important mode of road transport in many developing countries. In Kenya, it is only in the last one decade or so that this mode of transport, known popularly as boda boda gained prominence following a shift in economic policy geared towards reinvigorating growth. In this paper, we reviewed the phenomenal emergence of this mode of transport in Kenya using data from two urban areas-Kakamega and Eldoret municipalities, both located in Western part of the country. We focused specifically on earnings from the enterprise, ownership structure and the mode of operation. It has been established that the informal commercial motorcycle operation is an important source of livelihood to many poor urban households as it brings in a steady flow of daily income both to operators and motorcycle owners who happen to rent out their motorcycles. The boda boda operations also creates employment opportunity to many unskilled urban labour and further job opportunity to informal sector workers who wish to switch jobs in search of higher rewards. Boda boda business can be done on full-time or part-time basis. Those who work on full-time basis accounted for 82.1 percent while those who work as part-time operators accounted for 17.9 percent. The paper recommends further research on this informal transport sub-sector along rural-urban divide to ensure a more targeted approach aimed at improving livelihoods and eradicating poverty among the youth and other economically disadvantaged groups such as women.
Tricycle as a Mode of Public Transportation in Ibadan Metropolis, Nigeria
The study assessed the operational characteristics of tricycle, a growing mode of public transportation, in Ibadan. Both primary and secondary data were used for the study. Multi-stage sampling was adopted in selecting 147 tricycle registered operators from 10 loading points in the study area. Using a structured questionnaire, information on their socioeconomic characteristics, mode of operations, trip characteristics as well as the challenges faced by the operators were collected. In-Depth Interviews were directed to the executives of the Three Wheelers' Association of Oyo State focusing on issues relating to registration of tricycles, dues and levies. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Findings indicated that all the operators were male, 73.4% had no more than secondary education and 72.8% earned below N4,000 1 daily. Unemployment was the main reason why 55.5% of them went into the business. Only 35.4% of the operators had valid license. Extortion from traffic agents (38.6%) was the most important challenge faced by the tricycles. In this regard, appropriate sanctions should be recommended for enabling environment for tricycle operations. The study suggested incorporation of their activities into urban transportation planning in Nigeria.
Unemployment and poverty are two basic problems afflicting many developing nations of the world. High rate of unemployment especially among the youths have led to poverty and its consequences. The situation of the poor in such nations are compounded because there is no form of social safety net (e.g. unemployment benefit) to help the vulnerable. One major coping mechanism for the poor in the urban informal sector is to pick up whatever job that can be found in the informal sector either as self-employed, employee or an apprentice. This study therefore examines the roles that the transport sub-section of the informal sector is playing towards the provision of employment and income to those not able to find employment in the urban formal organisations. The study employs the use of primary data generated from a survey of seven hundred and seventy-seven randomly selected auto-cycle riders in two cities in Nigeria and the SPSS software aided data analyses. In addition to the descriptive analyses, two models were specified and estimated using the OLS technique. The study revealed that the subsector is a major employer of young school leavers in 'okada' riding business. Earnings analyses show that 75% of the operators earn above the minimum wage while human capital variables explain earnings distribution. Implications of the findings of the study point to the need for a more friendly official approach to urban informal workers as well as policy prescriptions that will promote the safety of both riders and users of the services of commercial motorcycle. Also, since many of the riders have learnt one trade/craft or the other, the provision of a 2-tier credit guarantee funds for start-up capital for such trained apprentices will facilitate quick establishment of their trade rather than seeking start-up capital through engagement in okada riding.